Sex-differences in symptoms, disability, and life satisfaction three years after mild traumatic brain injury: A population-based cohort study

Abstract

There are sex differences in outcome 3 years after mild traumatic brain injury. Women and men should be analysed separately.

Gender Differences in Neurological Emergencies Part II: A Consensus Summary and Research Agenda on Traumatic Brain Injury

“…In mild TBI studies, both sports and nonsports literature report a significant association between female sex, prolonged recovery, 37,38 and postconcussion syndrome 10,34,39–43 after mild TBI. Other investigators have found no association between sex and postconcussive complications.…”

“…Discriminating between the effect of sex on postconcussion outcomes, in comparison to other dynamic and confounding variables is difficult; some authors conclude that women and men should be assessed differently after TBI. 10 …”

The Lived Experiences of Retired Collegiate Athletes With a History of 1 or More Concussions

“…Semistructured interviews are based on flexible guides, which allow for a loose structure of open-ended questions and exploration of the interviewees' attitudes and experiences. Furthermore, semistructured interviews have been used [21][22][23][24][25] to study patients with TBI ranging from adolescents to military personnel and represent an accepted and accurate method of evaluating a phenomenon being studied.…”

White Matter Damage and Brain Network Alterations in Concussed Patients: A Review of Recent Diffusion Tensor Imaging and Resting-State Functional Connectivity Data

“…Investigations of sex-specific differences in pathology following concussions are needed since data from several studies suggest that males and females are differentially affected by concussions. Females have been shown to suffer more postconcussive pain symptoms including headaches, more cognitive symptoms including visual-spatial deficits, and take longer to recover from post-concussive symptoms [59][60][61]. However, questions remain as to whether the underlying brain pathology is indeed different between men and women with concussion.…”