Sex differences in symptoms of posttraumatic stress: Does culture play a role?

Norris, Fran H.; Perilla, Julia L.; Ibáñez, Gladys; Murphy, Arthur D.

doi:10.1023/a:1007851413867

Cited by 152 publications

(128 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Specifically, research suggests that women may be more likely to experience greater PTSD because of acute biological responses (Felmingham et al, 2012), greater appraisals of threat (Mak et al, 2004), or distinct coping styles (Norris et al, 2001). Interestingly, and in contrast with much evidence that women are more at risk of depression (Kessler et al, 1993), men and women reported comparable levels of depression in the current study.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 66%

Psychological outcomes following the Victorian Black Saturday bushfires

Bryant

Waters

Gibbs

et al. 2014

Aust N Z J Psychiatry

150

162

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Objective: We aimed to map the prevalence and predictors of psychological outcomes in affected communities 3-4 years after the Black Saturday bushfires in the state of Victoria, Australia.Methods: Baseline assessment of a longitudinal cohort study in high-, medium-, and low-affected communities in Victoria. Participants included 1017 residents of high-, medium-, and low-affected fire communities. Participants were surveyed by means of a telephone and web-based interview between December 2011 and January 2013. The survey included measures of fire-related post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and general PTSD from other traumatic events, major depressive episode, alcohol use, and general psychological distress. Results:The majority of respondents in the high-(77.3%), medium-(81.3%), and low-affected (84.9%) communities reported no psychological distress on the K6 screening scale. More participants in the high-affected communities (15.6%) reported probable PTSD linked to the bushfires than medium-(7.2%) and low-affected (1.0%) communities (odds ratio (OR): 4.57, 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.61-8.00, p = 0.000). Similar patterns were observed for depression (12.9%, 8.8%, 6.3%, respectively) (OR: 1.83, 95% CI: 1.17-2.85, p = 0.008) and severe psychological distress (9.8%, 5.0%, 4.9%, respectively) (OR: 2.08, 95% CI: 1.23-3.55, p = 0.007). All communities reported elevated rates of heavy drinking (24.7%, 18.7%, 19.6%, respectively); however, these were higher in the high-affected communities (OR: 1.39, 95% CI: 1.01-1.89, p = 0.04). Severe psychological distress was predicted by fear for one's life in the bushfires, death of someone close to them in the bushfires, and subsequent stressors. One-third of those with severe psychological distress did not receive mental health assistance in the previous month.Conclusions: Several years following the Black Saturday bushfires the majority of affected people demonstrated resilience without indications of psychological distress. A significant minority of people in the high-affected communities reported persistent PTSD, depression, and psychological distress, indicating the need for promotion of the use of health and complementary services, community-based initiatives, and family and other informal supports, to target these persistent problems.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 66%

Psychological outcomes following the Victorian Black Saturday bushfires

Bryant

Waters

Gibbs

et al. 2014

Aust N Z J Psychiatry

150

162

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“…The results of a methodologically sound intercultural study support this notion [Norris et al, 2001]. The authors compared stress reactions after hurricanes in three culturally different samples: Mexicans, African Americans, and Anglo-Americans.…”

Section: Methodological Issuesmentioning

confidence: 69%

The weaker sex? Gender and post-traumatic stress disorder

Gavranidou¹,

Rosner²

2003

Depress. Anxiety

180

135

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We discuss the gender-specific differences for traumatic events and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) as found in the epidemiological literature. Recent research literature consistently reports three interesting findings: 1) men experience traumatic events more often, 2) women and men differ in the type of traumatic experiences they experience, and 3) women more often develop PTSD after the experience of a traumatic event. In the second part of the present article we provide some explanations for these differences. The reported higher vulnerability of women for PTSD could be due to the methodology used, the higher prevalence of childhood sexual abuse and rape in women, the different coping styles of women and men, or the more limited socio-economic resources of women.

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“…The majority of the sample was female and Caucasian, precluding invariance testing of confirmatory models across gender and ethnicity. In light of recent data which suggest that cultural influences interact with gender differences in PTSD symptomatology (e.g., Norris, Perilla, Ibanez, & Murphy, 2001), future work should examine whether the IES-R factor structure is invariant across culture and gender. This research direction is facilitated by the presence of translated versions of the scale (e.g., Asukai et al, 2002, Baguena et al, 2001, Wu & Chen, 2003.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impact of Event Scale-Revised: Psychometric properties in a sample of motor vehicle accident survivors

Beck

Grant

Read

et al. 2008

Journal of Anxiety Disorders

415

333

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This study examined the factor structure, internal consistency, concurrent validity, and discriminative validity of the Impact of Event Scale -Revised (IES-R, Weiss & Marmar, 1997) in a sample of 182 individuals who had experienced a serious motor vehicle accident. Results supported the three-factor structure of the IES-R, Intrusion, Avoidance, and Hyperarousal, with adequate internal consistency noted for each subscale. Support was obtained for the concurrent and discriminative validity, as well as the absence of social desirability effects. Although some differences were noted between the IES-R Avoidance subscale and diagnostically-based measures of this cluster of symptoms, these differences do not necessarily signify measurement problems with the IES-R. The IES-R seems to be a solid measure of post-trauma phenomena that can augment related assessment approaches in clinical and research settings.

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Sex differences in symptoms of posttraumatic stress: Does culture play a role?

Cited by 152 publications

References 27 publications

Psychological outcomes following the Victorian Black Saturday bushfires

Psychological outcomes following the Victorian Black Saturday bushfires

The weaker sex? Gender and post-traumatic stress disorder

The Impact of Event Scale-Revised: Psychometric properties in a sample of motor vehicle accident survivors

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