Sex differences in the endocrine system in response to protein intake early in life

Closa‐Monasterolo, Ricardo; Ferré, Natàlia; Luque, Verónica; Zaragoza‐Jordana, Marta; Grote, Veit; Weber, Martina; Koletzko, Berthold; Socha, Piotr; Gruszfeld, Dariusz; Janas, Roman; Xhonneux, Annick; Dain, Elena; Scaglioni, Silvia; Escribano, Joaquín

doi:10.3945/ajcn.110.001123

Cited by 37 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…The details of the study have been published previously (24), in addition to other secondary analyses (12,13). Term healthy infants fed an HP formula (infant formula: 2.05 g protein/100 ml; follow-on formula: 3.2 g protein/100 ml) or an LP formula (infant formula: 1.25 g protein/100 ml; follow-on formula: 1.6 g protein/100 ml) during the first year of life were compared.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Does insulin-like growth factor-1 mediate protein-induced kidney growth in infants?: A secondary analysis from a randomized controlled trial

Luque

Escribano

Grote³

et al. 2013

Pediatr Res

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Background: Animal models have shown that insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) may mediate protein-induced kidney growth. Our aim was to analyze the effect of IGF-I on proteininduced kidney growth in healthy infants. Methods: This is a secondary analysis of a randomized trial that compared growth of infants fed with a higher-protein (HP) (n = 169) vs. lower-protein (LP) (n = 182) formula (in the first year of life). Outcome measures were anthropometric parameters, kidney volume (cm 3 ), and total and free IGF-I (ng/ml). results: The highest levels of total and free IGF-I were found in the HP group. Both parameters correlated significantly with BMI z-score (r = 0.229, P < 0.001 and r = 0.223, P < 0.001, respectively), kidney volume (r = 0.115, P = 0.006 and r = 0.208, P < 0.001, respectively), and kidney volume/body length (r = 0.109, P = 0.010 and r = 0.194, P < 0.001, respectively) at 6 mo. Linear regression analyses showed a significant effect of free IGF-I on kidney volume in models, including significant effects of HP formula and anthropometry. The structural equation model revealed a significant direct effect of the HP formula on kidney volume and an indirect effect mediated by free IGF-I. conclusion: This study suggests that IGF-I partly mediates protein-induced kidney growth in healthy infants. IGF-I could be involved in a pathway for the programming of the renal system. r ecent research on the early origins of adult diseases has highlighted the importance of nutrition early in life. Early nutrition could affect body structures and tissue development, which could be expressed as a permanent effect on a function that could affect health in adulthood (1). This is what is known as nutritional programming. Nutritional factors could act in different tissues and systems during a critical period of development affecting growth (2). Programming through early growth mechanisms may affect different body tissues and organs, such as bone, muscle, adipose tissue, the heart, and the kidney. Different nutritional interventions early in life have been shown to produce permanent effects on kidney function and structure. For instance, it has been proposed that poor nutritional status during gestation may affect nephrogenesis in the offspring, which could lead to impaired kidney development that could induce hypertension risk as well as poor kidney function in adulthood (3,4). Conversely, increased protein supply has been reported to stimulate kidney growth not only prenatally but also in postnatal life, both in animal models (5) and in humans (6). One of the mechanisms that may induce compensatory kidney growth in response to an increase in protein supply is the increased renal workload in response to urea and other compounds derived from protein metabolism (7,8). Furthermore, animal models have shown that insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) may also mediate proteininduced kidney growth. However, there is little evidence suggesting a direct effect of IGF-I on kidney size or function in humans. The relationship between IGF...

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In healthy infants, it has been demonstrated that increased protein intake stimulates kidney growth (6) and is also directly related to higher serum IGF-I concentrations (12,13). However, the possible mediation of kidney growth by IGF-I has not been tested.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Does insulin-like growth factor-1 mediate protein-induced kidney growth in infants?: A secondary analysis from a randomized controlled trial

Luque

Escribano

Grote³

et al. 2013

Pediatr Res

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“…The endocrine response to a high-protein diet early in life is sex-dependent, although differences did not translate to differences in growth (34).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Adequacy of Infant Formula With Protein Content of 1.6 g/100 kcal for Infants Between 3 and 12 Months

Ziegler

Fields

Chernausek

et al. 2015

J. pediatr. gastroenterol. nutr.

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“…Another potential mechanism for the observed differences between boys and girls is a difference in endocrine response to high protein intake [41]. High protein intake has been associated with increased IGF-1 secretion, which may mediate the relation between protein intake and obesity [41].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Protein intake in early childhood and cardiometabolic health at school age: the Generation R Study

et al. 2015

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PurposeHigh protein intake in infancy has been linked to obesity. We aimed to examine the associations of protein intake in early childhood with cardiovascular and metabolic outcomes at school age.MethodsThis study was performed in 2965 children participating in a population-based prospective cohort study. Protein intake at 1 year was assessed with a food frequency questionnaire and was adjusted for energy intake. At the children’s age of 6 years, we measured their body fat percentage (BF%), blood pressure (BP), and insulin, HDL cholesterol, and triglyceride serum levels. These measures were incorporated into a cardiometabolic risk factor score, using age- and sex-specific SD scores.ResultsIn covariate-adjusted models, higher protein intake was associated with a higher BF%, lower diastolic BP, and lower triglyceride levels. We observed a significant interaction of protein intake with child sex on metabolic outcomes. Stratified analyses showed that protein intake was positively associated with BF% [0.07 SD (95 % CI 0.02; 0.13) per 10 g/day] and insulin levels in girls, but not in boys. In boys, but not in girls, higher protein intake was associated with lower triglyceride levels [−0.12 SD (95 % CI −0.20; −0.04) per 10 g/day] and a lower cardiometabolic risk factor score. Protein intake was not consistently associated with systolic BP or HDL cholesterol levels.ConclusionProtein intake in early childhood was associated with a higher BF% and higher insulin levels at 6 years in girls and with lower triglyceride levels in boys. Further studies are needed to explore these sex differences and to investigate whether the observed changes persist into adulthood.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00394-015-1026-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Sex differences in the endocrine system in response to protein intake early in life

Cited by 37 publications

References 28 publications

Does insulin-like growth factor-1 mediate protein-induced kidney growth in infants?: A secondary analysis from a randomized controlled trial

Does insulin-like growth factor-1 mediate protein-induced kidney growth in infants?: A secondary analysis from a randomized controlled trial

Adequacy of Infant Formula With Protein Content of 1.6 g/100 kcal for Infants Between 3 and 12 Months

Protein intake in early childhood and cardiometabolic health at school age: the Generation R Study

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