Sex Differences in the Immune System in Relation to Hypertension and Vascular Disease

Comeau, Kevin; Shokoples, Brandon; Schiffrin, Ernesto L.

doi:10.1016/j.cjca.2022.05.010

Cited by 15 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 99 publications

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“…The adaptive immune system is involved in T2DM development. Sex dimorphism in lymphocytes including T cell subsets such as CD4+ T cells is already described 23,24 . For example, women have higher CD4+ T cell counts and higher CD4/CD8 ratios in circulation compared with age‐matched men, while men have greater CD8+ T cell counts.…”

Section: Role Of Biological Sex In Atherosclerosismentioning

confidence: 85%

“…Sex dimorphism in lymphocytes including T cell subsets such as CD4+ T cells is already described. 23,24 For example, women have higher CD4+ T cell counts and higher CD4/CD8 ratios in circulation compared with age-matched men, while men have greater CD8+ T cell counts. Surprisingly, there is also a large disparity in gene expression in CD4+ T cells between men and women with T2DM.…”

Section: Atherosclerosis and Sexual Immune Dimorphismmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sex‐specific and hormone‐related differences in vascular remodelling in atherosclerosis

Yerly

Vorst

Baumgartner

et al. 2022

Eur J Clin Investigation

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Atherosclerosis, a lipid‐driven inflammatory disease, is the main underlying cause of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) both in men and women. Sex‐related dimorphisms regarding CVDs and atherosclerosis were observed since more than a decade ago. Inflammatory mediators such as cytokines, but also endothelial dysfunction, vascular smooth muscle cell migration and proliferation lead to vascular remodelling but are differentially affected by sex. Each year a greater number of men die of CVDs compared with women and are also affected by CVDs at an earlier age (40–70 years old) while women develop atherosclerosis‐related complications mainly after menopause (60+ years). The exact biological reasons behind this discrepancy are still not well‐understood. From the numerous animal studies on atherosclerosis, only a few include both sexes and even less investigate and highlight the sex‐specific differences that may arise. Endogenous sex hormones such as testosterone and oestrogen modulate the atherosclerotic plaque composition and the frequency of such plaques. In men, testosterone seems to act like a double‐edged sword as its decrease with ageing correlates with an increased risk of atherosclerotic CVDs, while testosterone is also reported to promote inflammatory immune cell recruitment into the atherosclerotic plaque. In premenopausal women, oestrogen exerts anti‐atherosclerotic effects, which decline together with its level after menopause resulting in increased CVD risk in ageing women. However, the interplay of sex hormones, sex‐specific immune responses and other sex‐related factors is still incompletely understood. This review highlights reported sex differences in atherosclerotic vascular remodelling and the role of endogenous sex hormones in this process.

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Section: Role Of Biological Sex In Atherosclerosismentioning

confidence: 85%

Section: Atherosclerosis and Sexual Immune Dimorphismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex‐specific and hormone‐related differences in vascular remodelling in atherosclerosis

Yerly

Vorst

Baumgartner

et al. 2022

Eur J Clin Investigation

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“…9–14 Human studies report that hypertension incidence and prevalence are associated with various cytokines and chemokines produced by leukocytes. 15–18 Although sex differences in hypertension pathogenesis have been reported for inflammation and T cell subsets, 19,20 the relationship between peripheral immune cell composition and hypertension development in women remains relatively unexplored.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Peripheral Immune Cell Composition is Altered in Women Before and After a Hypertension Diagnosis

Kresovich

O’Brien

et al. 2023

Hypertension

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BACKGROUND: The development and consequences of hypertension involve multiple biological systems that may include changes in immune profiles. Whether hypertension is related to peripheral immune cell composition has not been examined in large human cohorts. METHODS: We estimated circulating proportions of 12 leukocyte subsets from the lymphoid and myeloid lineages by deconvolving cell-type-specific DNA methylation data from 4124 women. Hypertension status at baseline was defined by current use of antihypertensive medication and blood pressure measurements while new incident cases were identified during follow-up via annual health questionnaires. RESULTS: Among hypertension-free women at baseline, higher B cell and lower naïve CD4+ helper T cell proportions were associated with subsequent increased hazard of hypertension incidence (B cells; adjusted HR: 1.17 [95% CI: 1.02–1.35]; P =0.03; naïve CD4+ T cell, adjusted HR: 0.88 [95% CI: 0.78–0.99]; P =0.04). Blood pressure measurements at baseline were similarly positively associated with B cells and inversely associated with naïve CD4+ helper T cells. Compared to normotensive women, women with hypertension had higher circulating proportions of neutrophils (adjusted odds ratio: 1.19 [95% CI: 1.07–1.32]; P =0.001) and lower proportions of CD4+ helper T cells (adjusted odds ratio: 0.90 [95% CI: 0.81–1.00] P =0.05), natural killers (adjusted odds ratio: 0.84, [95% CI: 0.74–0.09]; P <0.001), and B cells (adjusted odds ratio: 0.84 [95% CI: 0.74–0.96]; P =0.01). CONCLUSIONS: These observations suggest that shifts in lymphocyte subsets occur before hypertension development, followed by later changes to neutrophils and additional lymphocytes.

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“…Hypertension or high blood pressure were reported prevalent in different between genders. Some studied reported a high prevalence of hypertension in women 20 , and this condition match with increasing age 21 . In the case of men, a study indicate that young men were reported to have a high prevalence of high blood pressure than older men 21 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 91%

A Comparison of the Disease Occurrence of Cerebrovascular Diseases, Diabetes Mellitus, Hypertensive diseases, and Ischaemic Heart Diseases among Hospitalized Older Adults in Thailand

Suanrueang

2023

Preprint

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This observational research analyzed public hospital data from the Thailand Ministry of Public Health website to investigate gender differences in four categories of four non-communicable diseases (NCDs) affecting hospitalized senior Thai populations for 12 years. This study aimed to determine the cumulative effects and analyze the odds ratio (OR) according to ICD-10 cause categories for the data from 2010 to 2021, accounting for 1,327,093 cases in 2010 and 2,275,936 cases in 2021. The findings revealed statistically significant gender differences in four categories of NCDs. Men were found to be more likely than women to have two types of NCDs, as measured by the OR and the ratio per 100,000 population ratios (mean and SD): cerebrovascular diseases (OR = 1.34–1.47, 2,413.33 (163.72)), and ischaemic heart disease (OR = 1.24–1.63, 2,853.46 (154.29)). Conversely, diabetes mellitus (OR = 0.64–0.84, 4,539.97 (431.29)) and hypertensive disorders (OR = 0.82–0.95, 8,712.03 (817.39)) were discovered to have a lower likelihood of ratios related in men compared to women. However, the trend of all four NCDs in men has significantly increased every year: cerebrovascular diseases = 0.0093 year(s) + 1.3391, (R2 0.82, p-value .001); diabetes mellitus = 0.0171 year(s) + 0.6143, (R2 0.97, p-value .001); hypertension = 0.0125 year(s) + 0.8091, (R2 0.96, p-value 0.001); and ischaemic heart disease = 0.0345 year(s) + 1.1884, (R2 0.99, p-value .001). Gender, a crucial biological factor, contributes to variations in the prevalence of illness. As such, it is essential to prioritize the disease risk occurrence and preventive care for men and women separately, with a focus on implementing more detailed screening and detection strategies, as well as tailored interventions.

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Sex Differences in the Immune System in Relation to Hypertension and Vascular Disease

Cited by 15 publications

References 99 publications

Sex‐specific and hormone‐related differences in vascular remodelling in atherosclerosis

Sex‐specific and hormone‐related differences in vascular remodelling in atherosclerosis

Peripheral Immune Cell Composition is Altered in Women Before and After a Hypertension Diagnosis

A Comparison of the Disease Occurrence of Cerebrovascular Diseases, Diabetes Mellitus, Hypertensive diseases, and Ischaemic Heart Diseases among Hospitalized Older Adults in Thailand

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