Sex Differences in the Prevalence of Psychiatric Disorders in Patients With Alcohol and Drug Problems ⋆

Ross, Helen E.; Glaser, Frederick B.; Stiasny, S.

doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1988.tb03025.x

Cited by 94 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Also, there was an important lifetime comorbidity with depressive (over 70%), anxiety (40%), and personality disorders (about 50%), avoidant PD and borderline PD being the most frequent. These findings are largely supported by those reported elsewhere (Hesselbrock et al 1985;Ross et al 1988;Nace et al 1991;Kessler et al 1997;Hallman et al 2001). Some authors Cloninger et al 1981;Gilligan et al 1988) assumed that female alcoholism was a unitary disorder and that type II alcoholism was limited to men.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Two types of classification in female alcoholism

Traber

Würmle

Modestin

2009

Arch Womens Ment Health

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Two types of alcoholism with distinct clinical features and mode of inheritance have been identified in male alcoholics. The relevant studies, however, have given consistent results in men but not in women. The current study tested the hypothesis that the type I and II classification is also valid in women. A sample of 103 hospitalised alcohol-dependent women were given face-toface structured interviews considering four different classification criteria sets devised for differentiation of alcoholism type I and II and type A and B along with SCID I and II. The two types of classification could be replicated with three of the four criteria sets, 73 women being allocated to the larger cluster C1, and 30 women to a smaller cluster C2. Comparing the patients from both clusters with each other, eight variables were identified which excellently discriminate between the groups. The two types of classification for alcoholism could also be found in a female sample. A type II of female alcohol-dependent patient was identified, characterized by parental alcoholism and paternal and patient's tendency for violent behavior. Type I lacks these characteristics. Early identification of the type II female alcoholic may be clinically important.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Two types of classification in female alcoholism

Traber

Würmle

Modestin

2009

Arch Womens Ment Health

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“…Differences between Poly-Substance Abusers and Pure Alcoholics When controlled for gender, poly-substance abusers had a higher frequency of anxiety disorders than pure alcoholics, in particular more frequent social phobia and PTSD. Ross et al [10] also found that poly-substance abusers had a higher frequency of all Axis I disorders, particularly anxiety disorders, compared with pure alcoholics. In a study from Iceland, poly-substance abusers had a higher frequency of anxiety disorders than pure alcoholics [3].…”

Section: Prevalence Of Axis I and Ii Disordersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As for gender differences in Axis I disorders among substance abusers, depression and anxiety disorders in particular are known to be higher among women than men [3,5,7,10,11]. The ECA study found that 65% of female and 44% of male alcoholics had psychiatric diagnoses [12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As far as the prevalence of psychiatric disorders is concerned, epidemiological and clinical studies have found prevalence rates of Axis I and II disorders to be higher among poly-substance abusers than among pure alcoholics [3][4][5][6][7][8], and higher among women than men [3,5,6,9,10]. The International Consortium in Psychiatric Epidemiology [11] showed that the magnitude of comorbidity with psychiatric disorders was generally greater for drug use disorders than for drinking-related disorders.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Gender Differences in the Prevalence of Symptom Disorders and Personality Disorders among Poly-Substance Abusers and Pure Alcoholics

Landheim¹,

Bakken²,

Vaglum

2003

Eur Addict Res

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Objective: Gender differences in the prevalence of Axis I and II disorders in poly-substance abusers and pure alcoholics and between these two groups are explored. Method: A consecutive sample (n = 260) of in- and out-patients from two Norwegian counties were assessed by CIDI (Axis I disorders) and MCMI-II (Axis II disorders). Results: Major depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and eating disorders were significantly more prevalent in women than in men. A significantly higher prevalence of antisocial, passive-aggressive, and borderline personality disorders (PD) was observed among poly-substance abusers, whereas pure alcoholics were found to have dependent PDs more often. Female poly-substance abusers differed significantly from all other substance abusers by suffering more often from major depression, simple phobia, PTSD and borderline PD. Male poly-substance abusers more often presented antisocial PD and less often Cluster C disorders than all other substance abusers. Female pure alcoholics more often had major depression and Cluster C disorders than all other substance abusers. Male pure alcoholics presented less often with Axis I disorders, major depression, and PTSD, but more often with Cluster A disorders, in particular schizoid PD, than all other substance abusers. Conclusion: The pattern of comorbid disorders is clearly different between male and female poly-substance abusers and pure alcoholics. This implies that these four subgroups have important differences in their treatment needs.

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“…158 Similarly, in a Canadian general population survey, among women who were identified as problem drinkers (2.1% of all women), 42% and 15% had positive screening tests for anxiety and depression, respectively, in contrast to 11% and 5% of male problem drinkers (p Ͻ .001). 159 Studies of alcohol treatment populations have also demonstrated greater depression [160][161][162][163][164][165][166] and anxiety 161,163,164,[167][168][169] among women than men. However, depression and anxiety do not appear to be caused by problem drinking in women.…”

Section: Neurologic Effects Of Alcohol Women May Experiencementioning

confidence: 99%

Medical risks for women who drink alcohol

et al. 1998

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OBJECTIVE:To summarize for clinicians recent epidemiologic evidence regarding medical risks of alcohol use for women.METHODS: MEDLINE and PsychINFO, 1990 through 1996, were searched using key words "women" or "woman," and "alcohol." MEDLINE was also searched for other specific topics and authors from 1980 through 1996. Data were extracted and reviewed regarding levels of alcohol consumption associated with mortality, cardiovascular disease, alcoholrelated liver disease, injury, osteoporosis, neurologic symptoms, psychiatric comorbidity, fetal alcohol syndrome, spontaneous abortion, infertility, menstrual symptoms, breast cancer, and gynecologic malignancies. Gender-specific data from cohort studies of general population or large clinical samples are primarily reviewed. MAIN RESULTS:Women develop many alcohol-related medical problems at lower levels of consumption than men, probably reflecting women's lower total body water, gender differences in alcohol metabolism, and effects of alcohol on postmenopausal estrogen levels. Mortality and breast cancer are increased in women who report drinking more than two drinks daily. Higher levels of alcohol consumption by women are associated with increased menstrual symptoms, hypertension, and stroke. Women who drink heavily also appear to have increased infertility and spontaneous abortion. Adverse fetal effects occur after variable amounts of alcohol consumption, making any alcohol use during pregnancy potentially harmful. CONCLUSIONS:In general, advising nonpregnant women who drink alcohol to have fewer than two drinks daily is strongly supported by the epidemiologic literature, although specific recommendations for a particular woman should depend on her medical history and risk factors. L ess than three quarters of women in the UnitedStates drink alcohol, and those who do drink consume fewer drinks and less absolute alcohol than men. 1 However, at similar levels of self-reported alcohol consumption, the risk of psychosocial problems or dependence is greater for women than men (for definitions, see Appendix A). [2][3][4][5][6] Women also appear to develop alcohol abuse and dependence after fewer years of drinking than men. 7 Although only 4% to 5% of women in the U.S. general population meet criteria for past-year alcohol abuse or dependence, 8,9 9% of female primary care patients in some studies have reported recent heavy drinking or alcohol-related problems. 10,11 Many heavy drinkers decrease consumption following brief interventions that include explicit advice about safe drinking limits. [12][13][14] In addition, offering feedback about specific risks or consequences of their drinking to patients who drink heavily can help motivate them to decrease alcohol consumption or seek treatment. 15,16 Physicians report they would be more likely to advise patients about safe drinking practices if they were more confident of their knowledge about safe levels of alcohol consumption. 17 Women who drink more than two drinks daily on average, or who frequently drink five or more d...

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Sex Differences in the Prevalence of Psychiatric Disorders in Patients With Alcohol and Drug Problems ⋆

Cited by 94 publications

References 19 publications

Two types of classification in female alcoholism

Two types of classification in female alcoholism

Gender Differences in the Prevalence of Symptom Disorders and Personality Disorders among Poly-Substance Abusers and Pure Alcoholics

Medical risks for women who drink alcohol

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