Sex differences in the protection of host immune systems by a polyembryonic parasitoid

Nishikawa, H; Yoshimura, Jin; Iwabuchi, Kikuo

doi:10.1098/rsbl.2013.0839

Cited by 10 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…The differential induction in this case was attributed to increased feeding in the parasitized caterpillars ( 13 ). In contrast to parasitoids that carry polydnavirus symbionts, this particular parasitic wasp maintains and even enhances the host immune system ( 14 ). This wasp species is in the Encyrtidae family, members of which do not possess polydnavirus symbionts.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Symbiotic polydnavirus of a parasite manipulates caterpillar and plant immunity

Tan

Peiffer

Hoover

et al. 2018

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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SignificanceThe role of herbivore-associated microbes in mediating plant–herbivore interactions has gained recent attention. We show that a parasitoid associated with its caterpillar host not only suppresses the immune system of the caterpillar but also suppresses the induced defenses of the caterpillar’s host plant. Parasitoids inject eggs into their hosts but also inject polydnaviruses that suppress the caterpillar’s immunity. Immunosuppression enables eggs to hatch and develop as larvae within caterpillars. Additionally, the polydnavirus reduces salivary glucose oxidase, the primary elicitor found in the caterpillar’s oral secretions. Caterpillars injected with polydnavirus induce lower plant defenses than untreated caterpillars. Our results reveal a dimension to the complexity of plant–herbivore interactions indicating that polydnaviruses mediate the phenotypes of the parasitoid, herbivore, and plant.

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Symbiotic polydnavirus of a parasite manipulates caterpillar and plant immunity

Tan

Peiffer

Hoover

et al. 2018

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…Our recent study showed that male C. floridanum cancels the host-immune suppression of G. pallipes , whereas their female counterparts do not 26 . The humoral factor produced by the male C. floridanum –parasitized hosts might be multifunctional or multicomponent and related to host immune enhancements.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Sexual complementarity between host humoral toxicity and soldier caste in a polyembryonic wasp

Uka

Sakamoto

Yoshimura

et al. 2016

Sci Rep

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Defense against enemies is a type of natural selection considered fundamentally equivalent between the sexes. In reality, however, whether males and females differ in defense strategy is unknown. Multiparasitism necessarily leads to the problem of defense for a parasite (parasitoid). The polyembryonic parasitic wasp Copidosoma floridanum is famous for its larval soldiers’ ability to kill other parasites. This wasp also exhibits sexual differences not only with regard to the competitive ability of the soldier caste but also with regard to host immune enhancement. Female soldiers are more aggressive than male soldiers, and their numbers increase upon invasion of the host by other parasites. In this report, in vivo and in vitro competition assays were used to test whether females have a toxic humoral factor; if so, then its strength was compared with that of males. We found that females have a toxic factor that is much weaker than that of males. Our results imply sexual complementarity between host humoral toxicity and larval soldiers. We discuss how this sexual complementarity guarantees adaptive advantages for both males and females despite the one-sided killing of male reproductives by larval female soldiers in a mixed-sex brood.

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“…For instance, total hemocyte counts of Chilo suppressalis larvae in the late stages increased after parasitism by Cotesia chilonis , but venom alone did not cause alteration in the hemocyte counts (Teng et al., ). In contrast, a reduction or no change in hemocyte population by parasitizaiton or venom of parasitoids regardless of PDV association was documented (Nishikawa, Yoshimura, & Iwabuchi, ; Rivers, Ruggiero, & Hayes, ; Teramoto & Tanaka, ; Yu et al., ). These indicate that there is diverse way of hosts hemocyte population change induced by parasitism and venom of parasitoids from different evolutionary classes, which depends on the specific evolutionary relationship between host and parasitoid.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Parasitism and venom of ectoparasitoid Scleroderma guani impairs host cellular immunity

Liu

et al. 2018

Arch Insect Biochem Physiol

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Venom is a prominently maternal virulent factor utilized by parasitoids to overcome hosts immune defense. With respect to roles of this toxic mixture involved in manipulating hosts immunity, great interest has been mostly restricted to Ichneumonoidea parasitoids associated with polydnavirus (PDV), of which venom is usually considered as a helper component to enhance the role of PDV, and limited Chalcidoidea species. In contrast, little information is available in other parasitoids, especially ectoparasitic species not carrying PDV. The ectoparasitoid Scleroderma guani injects venom into its host, Tenebrio molitor, implying its venom was involved in suppression of hosts immune response for successful parasitism. Thus, we investigated the effects of parasitism and venom of this parasitoid on counteracting the cellular immunity of its host by examining changes of hemocyte counts, and hemocyte spreading and encapsulation ability. Total hemocyte counts were elevated in parasitized and venom-injected pupae. The spreading behavior of both granulocytes and plasmatocytes was impaired by parasitization and venom. High concentration of venom led to more severely increased hemocyte counts and suppression of hemocyte spreading. The ability of hemocyte encapsulation was inhibited by venom in vitro. In addition to immediate effects observed, venom showed persistent interference in hosts cellular immunity. These results indicate that venom alone from S. guani plays a pivotal role in blocking hosts cellular immune response, serving as a regulator that guarantees the successful development of its progenies. The findings provide a foundation for further investigation of the underlying mechanisms in immune inhibitory action of S. guani venom.

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Sex differences in the protection of host immune systems by a polyembryonic parasitoid

Cited by 10 publications

References 21 publications

Symbiotic polydnavirus of a parasite manipulates caterpillar and plant immunity

Symbiotic polydnavirus of a parasite manipulates caterpillar and plant immunity

Sexual complementarity between host humoral toxicity and soldier caste in a polyembryonic wasp

Parasitism and venom of ectoparasitoid Scleroderma guani impairs host cellular immunity

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