2020
DOI: 10.1177/1756286420936166
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Sex effects across the lifespan in women with multiple sclerosis

Abstract: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune inflammatory demyelinating central nervous system disorder that is more common in women, with onset often during reproductive years. The female:male sex ratio of MS rose in several regions over the last century, suggesting a possible sex by environmental interaction increasing MS risk in women. Since many with MS are in their childbearing years, family planning, including contraceptive and disease-modifying therapy (DMT) counselling, are important aspects of MS… Show more

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Cited by 70 publications
(51 citation statements)
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References 255 publications
(393 reference statements)
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“…Of the studies reporting the variables groups were matched on, most were on age and sex (15/54), followed by age, sex and education (10/54), age only (2/54), sex only (2/54) or age, sex, education and premorbid IQ (1/54). In this review we have interpreted the words ‘sex’ and ‘gender’ to both refer to sex, given that MS is a disease characterised by sex differences in prevalence (2, 53).…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Of the studies reporting the variables groups were matched on, most were on age and sex (15/54), followed by age, sex and education (10/54), age only (2/54), sex only (2/54) or age, sex, education and premorbid IQ (1/54). In this review we have interpreted the words ‘sex’ and ‘gender’ to both refer to sex, given that MS is a disease characterised by sex differences in prevalence (2, 53).…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Although prospective monitoring is needed to clarify which time points would best capture this activity, in our clinical practice, we routinely recommend a baseline MRI before conception attempts, followed by a surveillance MRI in the first trimester postpartum. 24,26 Overall, management of women in the postpartum period should include strategies to decrease both clinical and radiologic disease activity.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…With the introduction of highly effective disease-modifying therapies (DMTs), women with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) or neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSDs) might consider pregnancy after stabilization of active disease courses, [4][5][6] but reoccurrence or even rebound of disease activity (DA) has been reported in patients with MS after discontinuation of DMTs such as natalizumab and fingolimod. [7][8][9][10][11][12] Thus, women may be confronted weighing the risk of relapses against potential risks of fetal DMT exposure.…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%