Sex hormone receptors in localized and advanced transitional cell carcinoma of urinary tract in humans

Noronha, Reynold F.X.; Rao, B. Ramanath

doi:10.1016/0090-4295(86)90073-7

Cited by 35 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Early studies demonstrated that AR was present in bladder cancer tissue and that AR was present at higher levels in tumor tissue than in control tissue suggesting upregulation of AR in malignancy (Laor et al 1985). Subsequent studies supported these results demonstrating that the AR was expressed in bladder tumor tissue and that AR expression is notably higher in tumor tissue than in non-tumor tissue (Noronha & Rao 1986, Zhuang et al 1997, Mir et al 2011, Mashhadi et al 2014, Mohanty et al 2014, Williams et al 2015). An analysis using western blots showed that in addition to the full length AR, other AR isoforms (90 and 60 kD) could be detected in tumors (Zhuang et al 1997).…”

Section: Expression Of the Ar In Human Bladder Cancersupporting

confidence: 63%

The emerging role of the androgen receptor in bladder cancer

Lombard¹,

Mudryj²

2015

Endocrine-Related Cancer

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Men are three to four times more likely to get bladder cancer than women. The gender disparity characterizing bladder cancer diagnoses has been investigated. One hypothesis is that androgen receptor (AR) signaling is involved in the etiology and progression of this disease. Although bladder cancer is not typically described as an endocrine-related malignancy, it has become increasingly clear that AR signaling plays a role in bladder tumors. This review summarizes current findings regarding the role of the AR in bladder cancer. We discuss work demonstrating AR expression in bladder cancer and its role in promoting formation and progression of tumors. Additionally, we discuss the therapeutic potential of targeting the AR in this disease.

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Section: Expression Of the Ar In Human Bladder Cancersupporting

confidence: 63%

The emerging role of the androgen receptor in bladder cancer

Lombard¹,

Mudryj²

2015

Endocrine-Related Cancer

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“…Early studies using androgen-binding assays also suggested the expression of AR in bladder tumors ( 31 , 32 ( 32 ) detected AR activity in all six bladder cancer specimens examined, with no association between receptor levels and tumor characteristics. More recently, two studies showed AR expression in more than half of bladder cancers using immunohistochemistry ( 9 , 33 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Promotion of Bladder Cancer Development and Progression by Androgen Receptor Signals

Miyamoto

Yang

Chen

et al. 2007

JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute

351

360

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ARTICLEMen have a substantially higher risk of bladder cancer than women ( 1 ). Excessive exposure of men to cigarette smoke and industrial chemicals, both of which include amines, has been suggested to result in the development of bladder cancer ( 2 ). However, sexrelated differences in the risk of bladder cancer have been shown to persist in the absence of exposure to known carcinogenic factors ( 2 ). In animal experimental models, males are more likely than females to develop bladder cancer induced by certain chemical carcinogens (e.g., aromatic amines, such as N -butyl-N -(4-hydroxybutyl) nitrosamine [BBN]) ( 3 ). In contrast, a recent study ( 4 ) showed that certain other carcinogens, such as the arsenical metabolite dimethylarsinic acid, are more toxic to the female bladder than the male bladder in rats. This finding is consistent with epidemiologic evidence suggesting that women are more susceptible to arsenic-induced bladder cancer than men ( 5 ). Thus, the basis for the sex-specific difference in bladder cancer incidence is not understood.A potential mediator of sex-specifi c differences is the androgen receptor (AR). The AR, a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily, is a ligand-dependent transcriptional factor that mediates the biologic effects of androgens ( 6 , 7 ). Expression of the AR has been detected in normal bladder epithelium ( 8 ) and in bladder carcinomas from both male and female patients ( 9 ). However, little is known about AR function in the bladder or about androgen metabolism in the bladder urothelium. Early studies ( 10 ) showed that levels of cytochrome P450 CYP4B1, which is present at higher levels in male bladder than female bladder and activates Affiliations of authors:

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“…Other risk factors, including hormonal and reproductive characteristics, could explain the lower bladder cancer risk in women when compared with men. The hypothesis of a possible association between sex hormones and bladder carcinogenesis is supported by the following facts: estrogen receptors (ERs) are expressed in normal bladder and bladder carcinoma in animal and human models [4][5][6][7][8] ; and estrogen inhibits and testosterone stimulates the growth of bladder tumors in rats. [9][10][11][12] There have been few studies of bladder cancer and reproductive factors.…”

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confidence: 99%

Reproductive risk factors for incident bladder cancer: Iowa Women's Health Study

Prizment

Anderson

Harlow

et al. 2006

Intl Journal of Cancer

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We studied the association between reproductive factors and bladder cancer incidence in a prospective cohort study of 37,459 Iowa women aged 55-69 years and initially free from cancer in 1986. Women reported reproductive history and were followed prospectively through 2003. After adjusting for age and smoking, there was an inverse association between age at menopause and incident bladder cancer (n 5 192). Compared with menopause at age 48, the hazard ratio (HR) of bladder cancer was 1.32 (95% CI; 0.90-1.94) for menopause at 43-47, and 1.60 (95% CI; 1.06-2.39) for 42 (p-trend 5 0.02). The associations were similar for ages at natural and surgical menopause. In addition, women with a history of bilateral oophorectomy had an increased risk of bladder cancer compared with those who did not undergo bilateral oophorectomy: HR 5 1.58 (95% CI; 1.12, 2.22). Finally, there was an indication of a positive association between bladder cancer and shorter lifetime years of ovulation (p-trend 5 0.09). There were no associations between incident bladder cancer and age at first birth, number of births, age at menarche, use of hormone replacement therapy or any other reproductive characteristics. This study provides evidence that increased risk of bladder cancer is associated with earlier age at menopause in postmenopausal women. ' 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.Key words: bladder cancer; postmenopausal women; reproductive factors; age at menopause; prospective study Bladder cancer is one of the most common cancers-61,420 cases are expected to be diagnosed in the United Sates in 2006, 1 constituting about 6% of all new cases among men and 2% of all cases among women.2 Established risk factors for bladder cancers include age, gender, smoking and chemical carcinogens. In most regions of the world, including the United States and northern Europe, bladder cancer is 2.5-4 times more common among men than women. It was shown 3 that in the United States the excessive risk in men persists in the absence of exposure to smoking, occupational hazards or urinary tract infections. Other risk factors, including hormonal and reproductive characteristics, could explain the lower bladder cancer risk in women when compared with men. The hypothesis of a possible association between sex hormones and bladder carcinogenesis is supported by the following facts: estrogen receptors (ERs) are expressed in normal bladder and bladder carcinoma in animal and human models [4][5][6][7][8] ; and estrogen inhibits and testosterone stimulates the growth of bladder tumors in rats. [9][10][11][12] There have been few studies of bladder cancer and reproductive factors. The largest cohort study reported that bladder cancer risk was inversely associated with age at menopause.13 A case-control study found that a greater number of live births was inversely associated with bladder cancer among never-smokers.14 Two case-control studies in Italy 15,16 observed an increased risk of bladder cancer associated with the use of hormone replacement therapy (HRT). Three other studies found ...

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Sex hormone receptors in localized and advanced transitional cell carcinoma of urinary tract in humans

Cited by 35 publications

References 2 publications

The emerging role of the androgen receptor in bladder cancer

The emerging role of the androgen receptor in bladder cancer

Promotion of Bladder Cancer Development and Progression by Androgen Receptor Signals

Reproductive risk factors for incident bladder cancer: Iowa Women's Health Study

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