Sex Hormones and Prolactin Levels and Their Association with Anti Cardiolipin Antibody in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Abstract

Pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is complex and multi-factorial. Among various suggested mechanisms for the disease, the hormonal theory has been considered as one of the most important mechanisms. Recently, the association of sex hormones with manifestations of antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (APLS) has been hypothesized. The aim of present study was to assess the serum levels of anticardiolipin antibody (ACA), sex hormones and prolactin in SLE female patients and their association with the disease.
 This study comprised 40 SLE female patients and 41 healthy age-matched female subjects. For all patients and controls, the serum levels of ACA (IgG and IgM), estradiol, testosterone, progesterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) and prolactin were measured by ELISA method.
 Our study revealed that serum levels of testosterone, DHEA-S and progesterone were significantly lower in SLE patients than control (p<0.001). However, serum levels of estradiol and prolactin were significantly higher in SLE patients compared to controls (p<0.001). There was a significant difference between mild and moderate severity patients group for ACA positivity (95% CI 13.67-41.3; p=0.03). Also, SLE patients with positive ACA showed significantly lower (p<0.001) serum levels of testosterone, DHEA-S and progesterone and significantly higher (p<0.001) estradiol and prolactin serum levels compared to negative ACA patients.
 The results of our study indicated that expression and metabolism of sex hormones and prolactin are different in female SLE patients compared to healthy subjects. It seems, change in serum levels of these hormones is related to higher SLE disease activity, increased thrombotic risks and increased renal involvement.

Circulating prolactin levels and the effect of dopaminergic agonists in systemic lupus erythematosus: a systematic review and meta-analysis

“…Seventeen studies were conducted in Asia 15,[26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41] , 12 in America 12,42-52 , 11 in Europe 13,[53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62] , and ve in Africa [63][64][65][66][67] . Fifteen studies had a cross-sectional design and examined the association between circulating PRL levels and SLE activity, whereas 30 were case-control studies comparing circulating PRL levels between subjects with SLE and healthy controls and/or investigating the association between circulating PRL levels and SLE activity.…”

“…Circulating prolactin levels in systemic lupus erythematosus versus healthy controls Twenty-eight studies compared circulating PRL levels between subjects with SLE and healthy controls, comprising 1,860 individuals [27][28][29][30][33][34][35][36]38,40,41,43,44,[47][48][49][50][51][52][54][55][56][57][58]60,62,65,67 . Data from 23 studies, including 1,411 subjects [27][28][29][30][33][34][35][36]40,43,44,[48][49][50]52,[54][55][56][57][58]60,62,67 were pooled and revealed that PRL levels were signi cantly higher among subjects with SLE than in healthy controls (SMD 1.96, 95%CI 1.27-2.65, p < 0.00001, I 2 = 95%,...…”

Epithelioid angiosarcoma: 10 years postrenal transplant

“…Epithelioma cuniculatum usually affects older males, with a mean age of 52-60 years. [3] Although it is a low grade variant of squamous cell carcinoma which never metastasizes, it is notorious to cause local infiltration and destruction of the local structures through its chronic course. [3] Metastasis from verrucous carcinoma has been reported only five times in literature, being lymph nodes in all and lung in one patient.…”

“…[3] Although it is a low grade variant of squamous cell carcinoma which never metastasizes, it is notorious to cause local infiltration and destruction of the local structures through its chronic course. [3] Metastasis from verrucous carcinoma has been reported only five times in literature, being lymph nodes in all and lung in one patient. [4,5] Though plantar verrucous carcinoma is common in the soles, it can develop even on dorsal surface in areas of occupational friction as is evident from the above-mentioned case.…”

“…[2] One study suggests that mean time of non-Kaposi's sarcoma malignancy postrenal transplantation is 34.4 ± 21.8 months, and for Kaposi's sarcoma is 18.7 ± 25.2 months. [3] Thus, usually malignancies present in first 5 years posttransplant, and late presentations are those of skin cancers, but in the Indian population, the incidence of skin malignancy is less due to high melanin content.…”