“…The substantial in-migration of gay professionals and service workers to an enclave on the border of the downtown business core prepared the ground for the maturation of gay residential, political, cultural, and commercial interests and investments. In fact, these traits were characteristic of gay neighbourhoods across the West, including Church Street in Toronto, the Village in Montreal, the Castro in San Francisco, Boys Town in Chicago, West Hollywood in Los Angeles, Capital Hill in Seattle, Marigny in New Orleans, Soho in London, Canal Street in Manchester, and Hillbrow in Johannesburg (see Castells, 1983; Conway, 2009; Knopp, 2008; Ryan and Fitzpatrick, 1996; Self, 2008; Whowell, 2010).…”