Sex, Race, and Age Differences in Cardiovascular Outcomes in Implantable Cardioverter–Defibrillator Randomized Controlled Trials: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Abstract

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Racial and ethnic differences in implantable cardioverter-defibrillator patient selection, management, and outcomes

“… 8 , 26 , 27 , 28 This was despite meta-analytic evidence demonstrating no differences in mortality by race across all ICD indications. 29 More recent observational data suggest that these trends may have improved. 9 …”

CWHHA ATLAS: EPIDEMIOLOGY, DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES IN WOMEN Chapter 9: Summary of Current Status, Challenges, Opportunities, and Recommendations

“… 19 However, research on sex-based differences in outcomes after implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) implantation have conflicting results. 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 Thus, international guidelines informing ICD and CRT device implantation lack sex-specific recommendations regarding the indications for and outcomes of these therapies. 24 , 25 Such ambiguity highlights the longstanding disparity in sex-based representation across RCTs as a significant barrier to generating concrete evidence and recommendations; women remain under-represented by 4:1 across CRT and ICD RCTs as participants and as investigators.…”

“… 24 , 25 Such ambiguity highlights the longstanding disparity in sex-based representation across RCTs as a significant barrier to generating concrete evidence and recommendations; women remain under-represented by 4:1 across CRT and ICD RCTs as participants and as investigators. 23 , 24 , 26 …”