SEX RATIO ORGANISMS (SPIROPLASMAS) OF Drosophila

Williamson, David L.; Poulson, D. F.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-078403-5.50012-8

Cited by 137 publications

(145 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…A number of records of insect populations where only ca. 1% of females are infected with a male-killing bacterium do exist and all of these cases are in Drosophila where large sample sizes are possible (Williamson & Poulson 1979).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

How many species are infected withWolbachia? Cryptic sex ratio distorters revealed to be common by intensive sampling

Jiggins

Bentley

Majerus

et al. 2001

Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B

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Inherited bacterial symbionts from the genus Wolbachia have attracted much attention by virtue of their ability to manipulate the reproduction of their arthropod hosts. The potential importance of these bacteria has been underlined by surveys, which have estimated that 17% of insect species are infected. We examined whether these surveys have systematically underestimated the proportion of infected species through failing to detect the low-prevalence infections that are expected when Wolbachia distorts the sex ratio. We estimated the proportion of species infected with Wolbachia within Acraea butter£ies by testing large collections of each species for infection. Seven out of 24 species of Acraea were infected with Wolbachia. Four of these were infected with Wolbachia at high prevalence, a ¢gure compatible with previous broad-scale surveys, whilst three carried low-prevalence infections that would have had a very low likelihood of being detected by previous sampling methods. This led us to conclude that sex-ratio-distorting Wolbachia may be common in insects that have an ecology and/or genetics that permit the invasion of these parasites and that previous surveys may have seriously underestimated the proportion of species that are infected.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

How many species are infected withWolbachia? Cryptic sex ratio distorters revealed to be common by intensive sampling

Jiggins

Bentley

Majerus

et al. 2001

Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B

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“…Even in populations harboring male-killing spiroplasma, the frequencies of infection are extremely low (typically below 3%) (Williamson and Poulson, 1979;Montenegro et al, 2005;Pool et al, 2006). These observations may be partly explained by the presence of suppressors like the ones found in this study and in Yamada et al (1985) in various species and strains of Drosophila.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 66%

“…NSRO was originally found in D. nebulosa (reviewed by Williamson and Poulson, 1979), and experimentally transfected into D. melanogaster (Oregon-R) in the 1960s. In the nuclear background of Oregon-R, NSRO induces almost complete male killing, although a small number of male progeny from very young mothers can survive (Anbutsu and Fukatsu, 2003;Kageyama et al, 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of host genotype against the expression of spiroplasma-induced male killing in Drosophila melanogaster

et al. 2009

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Increasing attention has been paid to the maternally inherited microbes that are capable of manipulating the reproduction of their hosts for their own benefit. Although several studies have revealed that the host genotype can affect the intensity of the manipulation, the underlying genetic basis is poorly understood. Here, we examined the intensity of spiroplasmainduced male killing in various wild-type stocks of Drosophila melanogaster to clarify the genetic basis of the host factors responsible for the variation in the male-killing intensity. Among ten lines examined by mating experiments (that is, nuclear introgression), eight lines including Oregon-R and Canton-S were found to have nuclear factors that allowed strong expression of male killing. In contrast, the nuclear factors of the lines Sevelen and Hikone partially suppressed or remarkably retarded the expression of male killing. These results were confirmed by artificial transfer experiments of spiroplasma infection across the fly lines by means of microinjection. A series of mating experiments revealed that the nuclear factors acting against male killing were mainly located on autosomes in Sevelen and on the X chromosome in Hikone. In both lines, the suppressors were inferred to act maternally with a dominant effect. The nuclear factors of Sevelen and Hikone scarcely affected spiroplasma densities in reproductively active young insects, suggesting that the suppressors may act on the male-killing expression directly rather than through suppressing bacterial proliferation.

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“…Another spiroplasma (subgroup I-4), isolated only once, appeared to be associated with ticks. Group I1 spiroplasmas (34) produced sex ratio abnormalities in Drosophila flies. Group 111 spiroplasmas (9) (Spiroplasma jloricola) proved to be associated with magnoliaceous flowers and their beetle and fly visitors and to have idiosyncratic metabolic pathways (6) that were readily studied because of the rapid growth of the species.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Spiroplasma monobiae sp. nov. from the Vespid Wasp Monobia quadridens (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)

Whitcomb

Tully

Rose

et al. 1993

International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology

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Spiroplasma strain MQ-lT (T = type strain) from the hemolymph of the vespid wasp Monobia quadridens differed serologically from other spiroplasma species, groups, and subgroups. Cells of strain MQ-lT were helical and motile and possessed a single cytoplasmic membrane, with no evidence of a cell wall. The organism grew in conventional mycoplasma medium, in serum fraction, SM-1, MlD, and SP-4 liquid media, and on SP-4 solid medium in either aerobic or anaerobic environments. The optimum temperature for growth was 32"C, but multiplication occurred over a wide temperature range (10 to 37°C). The doubling time at 32°C in M1D medium was 1.9 h. Strain MQ-lT catabolized glucose but hydrolyzed neither arginine nor urea. Previous work showed that strain MQ-lT has a unique methylase, previously known only in eucaryotes. Also, strain MQ-lT induces production of tumor necrosis factor in bone marrow macrophages. The guanine-plus-cytosine content of the DNA was 28 f 1 mol%. The genome size of strain MQ-lT was 940 kb (627 MDa); a similar strain, MQ-8, had a genome size of 985 kb (657 MDa). Strain MQ-lT and its allies have the smallest genomes known in the genus Spiroplasma. Strain MQ-1 (= ATCC 33825) is designated the type strain of a new species, Spirophsma monobiae.The genus Spiroplasma (36), originally thought to consist of plant pathogens (22), was later shown, largely through the efforts of T. B. Clark and his associates (7,15), to be associated with arthropods. As the immense diversity of this genus unfolded, numerous interesting properties emerged. For example, group I organisms (2) were the only spiroplasmas found to be associated with plant disease or with plant-sucking bugs. Yet, the subgroup 1-2 spiroplasma, Spiroplasma melliferum (8), which was closely related to the plant spiroplasmas, was primarily associated with bees. One subgroup of this cluster (subgroup I-6), which appears to occur in the insect-plant surface habitat (15), had a guanineplus-cytosine (G+C) content that was higher than the G+C contents of its cohort subgroups (5). Another spiroplasma (subgroup I-4), isolated only once, appeared to be associated with ticks. Group I1 spiroplasmas (34) produced sex ratio abnormalities in Drosophila flies. Group 111 spiroplasmas (9) (Spiroplasma jloricola) proved to be associated with magnoliaceous flowers and their beetle and fly visitors and to have idiosyncratic metabolic pathways (6) that were readily studied because of the rapid growth of the species. Group IV appeared to be a widely distributed cluster of spiroplasmas, some of whose members, including type strain B31 (Spiroplasma apis), were pathogenic (19, 20) for honeybees @pis mellifera). Groups V (Spiroplasma mirum [30]) and VI (29) were associated with ticks. Thus, each of the first six established spiroplasma groups appeared to possess unusual biological and/or ecological properties.For some time, the group VII spiroplasmas, strain MQ-lT (T = type strain) and its allies, appeared to be exceptions to the emerging uniqueness of newly discovered strains. H...

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SEX RATIO ORGANISMS (SPIROPLASMAS) OF Drosophila

Cited by 137 publications

References 45 publications

How many species are infected withWolbachia? Cryptic sex ratio distorters revealed to be common by intensive sampling

How many species are infected withWolbachia? Cryptic sex ratio distorters revealed to be common by intensive sampling

Effects of host genotype against the expression of spiroplasma-induced male killing in Drosophila melanogaster

Spiroplasma monobiae sp. nov. from the Vespid Wasp Monobia quadridens (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)

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