Sex Role Learning in the Nuclear Family

Johnson, Miriam M.

doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1963.tb05141.x

Cited by 33 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Fagot, 1974). This is by no means inconsistent with earlier evidence that fathers behave dif ferently with their sons and daughters (Johnson, 1963) and that these differ ences may be important contributors to sex-role adoption and identification (Biller, 1971c). However, the nature of the father-daughter interaction has been inadequately defined; it is important to identify the distinctive qualities of the father-daughter relationship, particularly insofar as they relate to different development outcomes.…”

Section: Sex Differencescontrasting

confidence: 54%

“…There have been few studies aimed at elucidating the importance of the father directly, and most of the studies that have been undertaken have focused on the presumed products of identification -sex role and moral developmentand have been concerned mainly with boys, although Johnson (1963) has argued that the father is essential for appropriate sex-role adoption in both boys and girls (cf. Parsons, 1958;Parsons and Bales, 1955) since she claims that children of both sexes identify with their fathers.…”

Section: Studies O F Father Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Oedipal phase occurs between 3 and 5 years of age, implying that at least by this age, the presence of the father is vital. However, there are those who believe that the adoption of an appropriate sex role, one of the predictable outcomes of the Oedipal situation, is achieved earlier than thisbefore the child's second birthday {Money et al, 1957) -and there is evidence that modes of social behavior may be molded by social pressures (the most important of these being exerted by the father, according to Johnson, 1963), if not by 1 year of age, then at least by 2 {Brooks and Goldberg and Lewis, 1969;Messer and Lewis, 1972) and that children between the ages of 3 and 5 adopt sexually appropriate roles in play {Greif, 1973). Though it is not clear that the father (rather than another older male) need be the model avail able to the developing boy, Biller (1971b) suggests that the father is a superior role model.…”

Section: Psychoanalytic Theorymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fathers: Forgotten Contributors to Child Development

Lamb¹

1975

Human Development

279

115

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Theoretical and research literature on the role of fathers in child development is reviewed. The first section points out that there is little known about father-infant interaction, and the impact of the father on infant social development, though diverse theoretical perspectives all assume that the father’s role is minimal, and, at best, indirect. It is suggested that this assumption is unsubstantiated. Fathers are believed to play an influential role in later child development, though the theoretical assumptions, again, are inadequately validated by research. A new hypothesis is proposed whereby fathers are seen as playing a vitally important role in socialization, yet one which is qualitatively different from that played by mothers. Various research designs are suggested whereby this hypothesis can be subject to empirical validation.

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Section: Sex Differencescontrasting

confidence: 54%

Section: Studies O F Father Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Psychoanalytic Theorymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fathers: Forgotten Contributors to Child Development

Lamb¹

1975

Human Development

279

115

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“…Our findings seem to support Johnson's (1963) theory of sex-role development for females. As our culture is now arranged (or was for this young adult population), the mother as a female model "does not seem to be enough."…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 77%

Parent-child relationships and sexual identity in male and female homosexuals and heterosexuals.

Thompson

Schwartz²,

McCandless³

et al. 1973

Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology

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This article includes two studies of reported parent-child relations and sexual identity : one of a population of 84 white, well-educated female homosexuals and their 94 matched heterosexual controls and the other of a group of 127 similarly welleducated, white male homosexuals and their 123 heterosexual matched controls. Female homosexuals reported having had more negative relations with their fathers in childhood that female heterosexuals, although a wide variety of parent-daughter relations was reported by both groups. The female homosexuals were neither mother nor father identified, but they were more distant from both parents and other people than their controls. The female homosexuals also reported a more masculine childhood than the heterosexuals, and they were more masculine on an objective measure of masculinity-femininity. Compared with their controls, the male homosexuals reported more close-binding, intimate mothers and hostile, detached fathers than the heterosexual controls. As with the two female groups, a wide variety of parentson relations was reported. Homosexual males were not more mother identified than their controls, but, like the female group, they were more distant from parents and other people than the matched controls. Male homosexuals reported more feminine childhoods, and they were less masculine than controls on a masculinity-femininity test.

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“…Tuma and Liyson (1960) concur, finding girls to be more compliant to authority than boys. Therefore, psychological discipline is most effective in esl; tablishing llloral codes for both sexes, especially for sons (Johnson, 1963). …”

Section: Conflictmentioning

confidence: 99%