Sex-role stereotypes and clinical judgments of mental health: The Brovermans' findings reexamined

Phillips, Roger D.; Gilroy, Faith D.

doi:10.1007/bf00288046

Cited by 35 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Although no differences were found when in comparisons of previous research with between and within group designs (Broverman et al, 1970(Broverman et al, , 1972Nesbitt & Penn, 2000;Phillips & Gilroy, 1985;Rosenkrantz et al, 1968;Widiger & Settle, 1987), replication of Study 2 with a between subjects design would help to confirm the results found here. Another methodological issue here is the interrelationships among the many items.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 53%

“…Thus, the results are inconclusive. Despite criticism of the methodology of the Broverman et al (1970) investigation (Phillips & Gilroy, 1985;Widiger & Settle, 1987) and the fact that it was conducted over 30 years ago, that study is still cited in college textbooks (see, for example, Crawford & Unger, 2000;Lerner, 2002). Students consistently ask whether the conclusions of Broverman et al are still true.…”

mentioning

confidence: 95%

“…In an attempt to evaluate any changes in mental health professionals' gender role stereotypes and clinical judgments, Phillips and Gilroy (1985) used a shortened version of the Likert scale Stereotype Questionnaire created by Rosenkrantz et al (1968) in a between groups design. As in the Broverman et al (1970) study, the participants were psychiatrists, social workers, and psychologists.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Healthy Women, Healthy Men, and Healthy Adults: An Evaluation of Gender Role Stereotypes in the Twenty-first Century

Seem

Clark

2006

Sex Roles

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An important question often asked when counselors-in-training read textbook discussion of gender role stereotypes, especially of older work such as the classic study by the Brovermans and their colleagues, is "Haven't these biases been eliminated or at least reduced?" The current study was designed to replicate the work of the Brovermans and their colleagues to answer that specific question and to determine how current counselors-intraining perceive healthy adult women, healthy adult men, and healthy adults. As in the prior research, initial ratings of the social desirability of traditional gender role stereotypes were conducted, and the findings showed many similarities to past research. That investigation was followed by a modified Stereotype Questionnaire, based on the original work of Rosenkrantz, Vogel, Bee, I. Broverman, and D. M. Broverman (1968). Healthy adult women were found to be significantly different from healthy adult men as well as from healthy adults. In addition, the results suggest that there have been changes in counselors' perceptions of healthy adults. Counselors-in-training were found to hold two standards for mental health-one for women and another for men.Relationships among self-concept, psychological health, and gender stereotypes emerged in the work of Rosenkrantz, Vogel, Bee, I. Broverman, & D. M. Broverman, (1968). In order to examine these relationships, Rosenkrantz et al. investigated first the social desirability of traits used to describe men and women and then developed the Stereotype Questionnaire. The initial listing of socially desirable items was completed by having two classes of undergraduate students write down the characteristics that they believed differentiated men and women. Any item listed more than once was included in the Stereotype Questionnaire, which consisted of 122 items that were arranged along a Likert scale in a bipolar format (e.g., "not at all aggressive"-"very aggressive"). An interesting component of this 7-point Likert scale is that there were ten potential points between each of the Likert anchor-numbers for a total of 60 possible points. Rosenkrantz et al. then tested the Stereotype Questionnaire with a second independent sample of undergraduates to determine which pole of each of the 122 bipolar items represented the socially desirable one.The second study of Rosenkrantz et al. (1968) focused on determining the gender role stereotypes for men and for women and comparing those stereotypes to the ideal of a healthy adult. Their procedure asked all participants to "imagine that you are going to meet a person for the first time and the only thing you know in advance is that this person is an adult (man)" (p. 288)/adult woman. A within group design was used and participants were asked to rate each of the items to the extent that it characterized: (a) a healthy adult man, (b) a healthy adult woman, and (c) themselves (given the assumption that the later rating would represent a healthy adult, sex unspecified). Presentation of the healthy adult man and hea...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 53%

mentioning

confidence: 95%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Healthy Women, Healthy Men, and Healthy Adults: An Evaluation of Gender Role Stereotypes in the Twenty-first Century

Seem

Clark

2006

Sex Roles

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“…That is, they may have been simply using "male" as the default value of "student" (Hofstadter, 1982). This is quite similar to sex-stereotyping results in other fields where it does appear that people thinking of a person were in fact thinking of a male (Broverman, et al, 1972;Phillips & Gilroy, 1985).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

Sex Bias in Educational Software: The Effect of Designers' Stereotypes on the Software They Design¹

Huff

Cooper

1987

J Applied Social Pyschol

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Why is the computer more alluring to boys than it is to girls? One answer to this question is drawn from a social psychological model of human interaction. Social psychological research indicates that the expectations an individual has about another person can shape his or her interaction with that person. We hypothesized that, in a similar manner, the expectations software designers hold about the users of the software they design are central in determining the way the software they design interacts with the user. In order to test this notion, we had 43 educators with programming experience design software for either boys, girls, or students, and found that programs for girls were classifiable as "learning tools" while programs for both boys and students were most like "games." These differences occur as a function of the designers' expectations of the characteristics of potential users of the program, and result in sex stereotyped software. We conclude that it is not the computer, or even the software, that is at the root of the sex bias in software, but the expectations and stereotypes of the designers of the software.

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“…Additionally, some recent studies have found similar sexist stereotypes continuing among psychotherapists (Bowman, 1982;Fowers, Applegate, Tredinnick, & Slusher, 1996;O'Malley & Richardson, 1985;Robertson & Fitzgerald, 1990). The results of other studies have not confirmed sex bias among therapists (Philips, 1985;Philips & Gilroy, 1985;Poole & Tapley, 1988). There has been similar concern about the presence of a bias toward promoting individualistic bias in psychotherapy.…”

mentioning

confidence: 78%

Gender bias and individualism: Responses to case vignettes among psychologists, professors, and students

Tredinnick

Fowers

1997

Curr Psychol

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Sex-role stereotypes and clinical judgments of mental health: The Brovermans' findings reexamined

Cited by 35 publications

References 21 publications

Healthy Women, Healthy Men, and Healthy Adults: An Evaluation of Gender Role Stereotypes in the Twenty-first Century

Healthy Women, Healthy Men, and Healthy Adults: An Evaluation of Gender Role Stereotypes in the Twenty-first Century

Sex Bias in Educational Software: The Effect of Designers' Stereotypes on the Software They Design¹

Gender bias and individualism: Responses to case vignettes among psychologists, professors, and students

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Sex-role stereotypes and clinical judgments of mental health: The Brovermans' findings reexamined

Cited by 35 publications

References 21 publications

Healthy Women, Healthy Men, and Healthy Adults: An Evaluation of Gender Role Stereotypes in the Twenty-first Century

Healthy Women, Healthy Men, and Healthy Adults: An Evaluation of Gender Role Stereotypes in the Twenty-first Century

Sex Bias in Educational Software: The Effect of Designers' Stereotypes on the Software They Design1

Gender bias and individualism: Responses to case vignettes among psychologists, professors, and students

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Sex Bias in Educational Software: The Effect of Designers' Stereotypes on the Software They Design¹