Sex Roles Are Not Always Reversed When the Potential Reproductive Rate Is Higher in Females

Okuda, Noboru

doi:10.1086/303196

Cited by 45 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Cardinalfish males have multiple broods in a season (Okuda 2000(Okuda , 2001 and can therefore be expected to sacrifice a clutch if their own survival is at risk. Indeed, in another species of cardinalfish (Apogon notatus), a 4-8% incidence of brood loss (noncannibalistic) has been observed in nature (Okuda 1999).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Among cardinalfish, which are particularly abundant on tropical coral reefs, it is the males who take care of the brood. The cardinalfish males keep the eggs in the mouth at least until they hatch, which takes 1-2 weeks (Thresher 1984;Okuda 1999). Since the egg clutch virtually fills the oral cavity of the brooding males, the males do not feed, although they may eat some of the eggs (filial cannibalism) (Okuda & Yanagisawa 1996;Okuda 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Breathing with a mouth full of eggs: respiratory consequences of mouthbrooding in cardinalfish

Östlund‐Nilsson

Nilsson

2004

Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B

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Mouthbrooding occurs among several groups of fishes. Although a mouth full of eggs can be expected to pose a considerable respiratory problem, to our knowledge no study has examined respiratory consequences of mouthbrooding in fishes, or how hypoxia or strenuous swimming may affect the success of this reproductive strategy. In two species of cardinalfish (Apogon fragilis and Apogon leptacanthus), from the reef at Lizard Island (Great Barrier Reef), we found that mouthbrooding significantly reduced the ability to take up oxygen at low ambient oxygen levels. While the direct energetic cost of mouthbrooding appeared insignificant at rest in well-oxygenated water, mouthbrooding significantly reduced the respiratory scope of the fishes and their capacity for sustained aerobic swimming. The males spat out their eggs in hypoxia. Interestingly, the species with the larger brood, A. fragilis, spat out the brood at a higher water [O 2 ] than did A. leptacanthus, which had a smaller mean brood mass. Moreover, in contrast to mouthbrooding A. leptacanthus, mouthbrooding A. fragilis was unable to increase its ventilatory frequency in response to hypoxia. This suggests a trade-off situation between hypoxia tolerance and brood size. Apparently, A. fragilis has sacrificed hypoxia tolerance in favour of a large brood size to a greater extent than has A. leptacanthus.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Breathing with a mouth full of eggs: respiratory consequences of mouthbrooding in cardinalfish

Östlund‐Nilsson

Nilsson

2004

Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B

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“…Recent work has highlighted the role of other factors such as mate quality (Johnstone et al, 1996), mortality patterns (Okuda, 1999), breeding costs (Kokko & Monaghan, 2001) and density (Kokko & Rankin, 2006) in determining the strength of sexual selection. Thus, our results for OSR are, perhaps, not wholly unexpected, although they do highlight that the concept of 'monopolizability' (Emlen & Oring, 1977) has survived in the literature for a long time without having ever been given a very precise definition or indeed a precise reason why a biased OSR scenario with many competitors should make it easier for individuals to monopolize many mates.…”

Section: Why Is This Important?mentioning

confidence: 99%

The mismeasurement of sexual selection

Klug

Heuschele

Jennions

et al. 2010

Journal of Evolutionary Biology

190

306

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Sexual selection can explain major micro‐ and macro‐evolutionary patterns. Much of current theory predicts that the strength of sexual selection (i) is driven by the relative abundance of males and females prepared to mate (i.e. the operational sex ratio, OSR) and (ii) can be generally estimated by calculating intra‐sexual variation in mating success (e.g. the opportunity for sexual selection, Is). Here, we demonstrate the problematic nature of these predictions. The OSR and Is only accurately predict sexual selection under a limited set of circumstances, and more specifically, only when mate monopolization is extremely strong. If mate monopolization is not strong, using OSR or Is as proxies or measures of sexual selection is expected to produce spurious results that lead to the false conclusion that sexual selection is strong when it is actually weak. These findings call into question the validity of empirical conclusions based on these measures of sexual selection.

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“…Here, both increased sexual competition among males during 'time in' and increased paternal care by males during time out are associated with increased male biased mortality, while female mortality is independent of sexual competition among females or levels of maternal care (Liker & Székely 2005). These data suggest that mortality costs of reproduction might be important factors in predicting the direction and intensity of sexual competition, and indeed may mitigate biases in PRR (Okuda 1999;Tershy & Croll 2000). Moreover, while a bias in the OSR may generate competition between members of the sex in excess, it need not influence sexual selection via mate choice which depends not just on the availability of members of the opposite sex, but also on the variance in mate quality (Owens & Thompson 1994;Johnstone et al 1996;Kvarnemo & Simmons 1999).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 68%

Costs of breeding and their effects on the direction of sexual selection

Simmons¹,

Kvarnemo

2005

Proc. R. Soc. B.

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A recent life-history model has challenged the importance of the operational sex ratio and the potential reproductive rates of males and females as the factors most important for the control of sexual selection, arguing that the cost of breeding, interpreted as the probability of dying as a consequence of the current breeding attempt, is the single most important factor that best predicts a mating system. In one species of bushcricket, the mating system can be reversed by resource manipulation. Here, we examine the costs of breeding in this system. Consistent with the model, increased costs of breeding can explain female competition and increased male choosiness under resource limitation. However, this is due to differences in the time required for a breeding attempt, rather than differences in breeding mortality which did not differ between the sexes. In general, males lived longer than females and we discuss the possible reasons behind this pattern of sex-biased non-breeding mortality.

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Sex Roles Are Not Always Reversed When the Potential Reproductive Rate Is Higher in Females

Cited by 45 publications

References 35 publications

Breathing with a mouth full of eggs: respiratory consequences of mouthbrooding in cardinalfish

Breathing with a mouth full of eggs: respiratory consequences of mouthbrooding in cardinalfish

The mismeasurement of sexual selection

Costs of breeding and their effects on the direction of sexual selection

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