Sex‐specific floral morphology, biomass, and phytohormones associated with altitude in dioecious <i>Populus cathayana</i> populations

He, Jundong; Dong, Tingfa; Huang, Kechao; Yang, Yonghui; Li, Dadong; Xu, Xiao; He, Xinhua

doi:10.1002/ece3.2808

Cited by 14 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 77 publications

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“…In poplars (Populus sp. ), the males exhibited a smaller decrease in leaf IAA than females following a short-day shift [84], although the concentration of IAA was higher in the female flowers than in the male flowers [85]. In the current study, the levels of IAA in the 5-azaC-treated plants were significantly lower than the controls but the IAA levels in both the treated and control plants declined from the flower transition stage to the flower development stage (Figure 3a,b).…”

Section: The Relationship Between Endogenous Carbohydrates Hormones supporting

confidence: 38%

The Effects of DNA Methylation Inhibition on Flower Development in the Dioecious Plant Salix Viminalis

Cheng

Peng

et al. 2019

Forests

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DNA methylation, an important epigenetic modification, regulates the expression of genes and is therefore involved in the transitions between floral developmental stages in flowering plants. To explore whether DNA methylation plays different roles in the floral development of individual male and female dioecious plants, we injected 5-azacytidine (5-azaC), a DNA methylation inhibitor, into the trunks of female and male basket willow (Salix viminalis L.) trees before flower bud initiation. As expected, 5-azaC decreased the level of DNA methylation in the leaves of both male and female trees during floral development; however, it increased DNA methylation in the leaves of male trees at the flower transition stage. Furthermore, 5-azaC increased the number, length and diameter of flower buds in the female trees but decreased these parameters in the male trees. The 5-azaC treatment also decreased the contents of soluble sugars, starch and reducing sugars in the leaves of the female plants, while increasing them in the male plants at the flower transition stage; however, this situation was largely reversed at the flower development stage. In addition, 5-azaC treatment decreased the contents of auxin indoleacetic acid (IAA) in both male and female trees at the flower transition stage. These results indicate that hypomethylation in leaves at the flower transition stage promotes the initiation of flowering and subsequent floral growth in Salix viminalis, suggesting that DNA methylation plays a similar role in vegetative–reproductive transition and early floral development. Furthermore, methylation changes during the vegetative–reproductive transition and floral development were closely associated with the biosynthesis, metabolism and transportation of carbohydrates and IAA. These results provide insight into the epigenetic regulation of carbohydrate accumulation.

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Section: The Relationship Between Endogenous Carbohydrates Hormones supporting

confidence: 38%

The Effects of DNA Methylation Inhibition on Flower Development in the Dioecious Plant Salix Viminalis

Cheng

Peng

et al. 2019

Forests

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“…This could be interpreted as willows at high altitude may be more adaptable to stress environment for they are exposed to harsher conditions (including extremely lower temperature, drier, and stronger ultraviolet radiation) for a long period. Males and females from different altitude might have different evolution speed with long‐term various environmental stresses, which lead to amplify or reduce the sexual difference and different sex‐related responses to stress environment (He et al, ; Huang et al, ). As to the reason why drought tolerance between sexes differed among different altitude, perhaps because the high variance between clones might musk the true sex‐related effects responding to drought stress.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previous investigations on Populus cathayana , a male‐biased alpine tree, have shown that male individuals are more tolerant to drought stress than females because of their higher values of total chlorophyll concentration, net photosynthetic rate, activities of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and less negative effects on cellular membranes and chloroplasts (Chen, Duan, Wang, Korpelainen, & Li, ; He et al, ; Xu, Peng, Wu, Korpelainen, & Li, ; Xu, Yang, et al, ; Zhang et al, , Zhang, Jiang, Zhao, Korpelainen, & Li, ). However, in the genus Salix , female individuals occurred more frequently than males in their natural habitats (Dawson & Bliss, ; Dudley, ; Hughes et al, ; Ueno, Suyama, & Seiwa, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sexually differential tolerance to water deficiency of Salix paraplesia—A female‐biased alpine willow

Liao

Song

Tang

et al. 2019

Ecology and Evolution

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Salicaceae plants are dioecious woody plants. Previous studies have shown that male individuals are more tolerant to water deficiency than females for male‐biased poplars. However, Salix paraplesia is a female‐biased species in nature. It is still unknown whether female willows are more tolerant to drought stress than males. To better understand the sexually different tolerance to water deficiency in willows, a greenhouse experiment combined with a field investigation was conducted, and physiological traits were tested in male and female S. paraplesia under a drought‐stressed condition (50% of soil water capacity). Our field investigation showed that S. paraplesia was a species with female‐biased sex ratio along altitude gradients (2,400 m, 2,600 m and 2,800 m) in their natural habitats. Our results showed that the height growth, biomass accumulation, total chlorophyll pigment content ( TChl ), and the net photosynthetic rate were higher in female willows than in males at the low and middle altitudes (2,400 m and 2,600 m) rather than at a high altitude (2,800 m) under well‐watered conditions. Under drought‐stressed conditions, the growth, biomass, and photosynthesis were greatly inhibited in both sexes, while females showed higher biomass and TChl content and suffered less negative effects than did males. Particularly, females that originated from a high altitude showed lower leaf relative electrolyte leakage, malondialdehyde content, and less disorder of chloroplast ultrastructures but a higher peroxidase activity (POD) than that of males. Therefore, S. paraplesia females exhibited a better drought tolerance and self‐protective ability than males from high altitude. There is a reason to speculate that the population structure of S. paraplesia at a high altitude would be likely to further female biases with the increased drought intensity in the alpine regions.

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“…Higher temperature results in an increase in the number of male flowers (Sage et al 2015), whereas elevated CO 2 results in the production of more female-biased progeny in Silene latifolia cv Poiret (Wang 2005); higher C/N ratio promotes male tendency while lower C/N ratio inhibits male flower development in bitter melon (Momordica charantia L.) due to its mediating role in the production of gibberellic acid, indole acetic acid, and dihydrozeatin which all have positive influence on flower formation (Kossuth and Ross 1987;Wang et al 2001;Talamali et al 2003;Glawe and Jong 2005). These studies indicate that sex differentiation in flowers is determined not only by genotype and phytohormones but also by C/N ratio and environmental factors (Yamasaki et al 2000;Wang et al 2001;Deputy et al 2002;Khryanin 2002;Wu et al 2010;Gerashchenkov and Rozhnova 2013;He et al 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 84%

Effects of elevated temperature and CO2 concentration on floral development and sex differentiation in Morus alba L.

Dong

Zhang

et al. 2019

Annals of Forest Science

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& Key message Elevated temperature, elevated CO 2 concentration, and their combination significantly promoted the number and biomass of female mulberry (Morus alba L.) flowers, but the opposite is true for males. This paper demonstrates that male mulberry trees would suffer more negative effects on floral development and differentiation under global warming. & Context With the ongoing intensification of global warming, flower formation has attracted widespread interest because it is particularly vulnerable to the effects of environmental factors. However, current knowledge of floral development regarding gender and sex differentiation under elevated temperature, CO 2 concentration, and their combination remains limited. & Aims The aims of this study were to assess how sex-related differences in the morphology, biomass, and carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) contents of flowers respond to elevated temperature and CO 2 concentration. & Methods Morus alba L. saplings (monoecious plants) were subjected to two temperature conditions (ambient vs. ambient + 2°C) and two CO 2 regimes (ambient vs. ambient + 380 ppm CO 2 ) in growth chambers for 18 months growth, and differences in flowering phase, sex ratio, floral morphology and biomass, as well as total carbon and nitrogen of male and female inflorescences were investigated. & Results Elevated temperature, elevated CO 2 concentration, and their combination significantly increased the number and biomass of female inflorescences but decreased the number and biomass of male inflorescences. Furthermore, the combination of elevated temperature and CO 2 concentration significantly decreased ovary length and C/N ratio of female flowers and the fresh weight of male flowers. Additionally, C/N ratio was negatively related to morphological traits of male inflorescences but positively related to tepal length of female flowers. & Conclusion These findings indicate that global warming may affect floral development and sex differentiation in mulberry and that the male inflorescences of M. alba may suffer more negative effects than female inflorescences with respect to flower number, biomass, and morphological development.

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Sex‐specific floral morphology, biomass, and phytohormones associated with altitude in dioecious Populus cathayana populations

Cited by 14 publications

References 77 publications

The Effects of DNA Methylation Inhibition on Flower Development in the Dioecious Plant Salix Viminalis

The Effects of DNA Methylation Inhibition on Flower Development in the Dioecious Plant Salix Viminalis

Sexually differential tolerance to water deficiency of Salix paraplesia—A female‐biased alpine willow

Effects of elevated temperature and CO2 concentration on floral development and sex differentiation in Morus alba L.

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