Sex-Specific Impacts of Exercise on Cardiovascular Remodeling

Islam, Rifat Ara; Khalsa, Siri Sham S.; Vyas, Arpita; Rahimian, Roshanak

doi:10.3390/jcm10173833

Cited by 15 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 197 publications

(323 reference statements)

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“…In addition, Rakobowchuk et al (2008) observed the FMD was significantly improved after 6 weeks of 65% VO 2peak (vigorous) intensity aerobic exercise, which was also consistent with our study. However, another study reported that both moderate-intensity and vigorous-intensity had a beneficial effect on improving vascular endothelial function (Islam et al, 2021). Therefore, further prospective and intervention studies were needed.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Different Intensities and Durations of Aerobic Exercise on Vascular Endothelial Function in Middle-Aged and Elderly People: A Meta-analysis

You

et al. 2022

Front. Physiol.

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BackgroundPrevious studies have found that aerobic exercise was more effective in improving vascular endothelial function than resistance training, high-intensity interval training (HIIT), and other types of exercise, while the effects between different intensities and durations of aerobic exercise were unclear. Therefore, we performed this meta-analysis to investigate the effects of different intensities and durations of aerobic exercise on the vascular endothelial function of middle-aged and elderly people.Methods:Databases were searched up to April 2021 for studies evaluating the influences of different intensities and durations of aerobic exercise on endothelial function assessed by flow-mediated dilation (FMD) among healthy middle-aged and elderly people. Data were pooled using random-effects models to obtain the weighted mean difference (WMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).ResultsA total of 9 studies involving 221 participants fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Aerobic exercise improved the overall FMD of healthy middle-aged and elderly people [WMD, 1.33 (95% CI, 0.37–2.28), P < 0.05]. Specifically, vigorous-intensity exercise increased FMD significantly in healthy middle-aged and elderly people [WMD, 1.10 (95% CI, 0.27–1.93), P < 0.05], while moderate-intensity exercise had no significant association with FMD [WMD, 1.49 (95% CI, −0.62 to 3.60), P = 0.17]. In addition, long-term (8 weeks or above) aerobic exercise increased the FMD in healthy middle-aged and elderly people [WMD, 1.63 (95% CI, 0.61–2.66), P < 0.05], while one-time acute aerobic exercise had no significant association with FMD of healthy middle-aged and elderly people [WMD, 0.89 (95% CI, −1.47 to 3.24), P = 0.46]. Specifically, 8 weeks or above of vigorous-intensity exercise increased FMD significantly in healthy middle-aged and elderly people [WMD, 1.48 (95% CI, 1.06–1.90), P < 0.01], while 8 weeks or above of moderate aerobic exercise had no significant association with FMD [WMD, 1.49 (95% CI, −0.62 to 3.60), P = 0.17].ConclusionAerobic exercise, especially 8 weeks or above of vigorous-intensity aerobic exercise, improved the endothelial function in healthy middle-aged and elderly people.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Different Intensities and Durations of Aerobic Exercise on Vascular Endothelial Function in Middle-Aged and Elderly People: A Meta-analysis

You

et al. 2022

Front. Physiol.

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“…It is curious that we observed a lower TL CO in women with a PFO, but not in men with a PFO. This might be attribugtable to cardiopulmonary differences between men and women (i.e., smaller lungs and airways; Dominelli et al., 2018; Peters et al., 2021; Sheel et al., 2009) and heart sizes and pulmonary pressures in women (Islam et al., 2021), leading to differences in cardiac output, pulmonary pressures and pressure gradients across the right and left atrium during the TL CO breath‐hold manoeuvre. Ultimately, the combined effect(s) could be a greater blood flow across the PFO and a difference in TL CO in women with versus without a PFO.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lower transfer factor of the lung for carbon monoxide in women with a patent foramen ovale

Schallerer

Duke

Speros

et al. 2022

Experimental Physiology

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The transfer factor of the lung for carbon monoxide (TL CO ) measure assumes that all cardiac output flows through the pulmonary circuit. However, right-to-left blood flow through a shunt can result in a lower transfer factor than predicted. A patent foramen ovale (PFO) is a potential source of right-to-left shunt that is present in ∼35% of the population, but the effect of PFO on TL CO is unknown. We sought to determine the effect of PFO on the TL CO . We conducted a retrospective analysis of TL CO data from 239 (101 women) participants. Anthropometrics and lung function, including spirometry, plethysmography and TL CO , were compiled from our previously published work. Women, but not men, with a PFO had a significantly lower TL CO and rate constant for carbon monoxide uptake (K CO ) (percentage of predicted and z-score) than women without a PFO. Women and men with a PFO had normal alveolar volumes that did not differ from those without a PFO. Correcting the data for haemoglobin in a subset of subjects did not change the results (n = 58; 25 women). The lower K CO in women with versus without a PFO was physiologically relevant (≥0.5 z-score difference). There was no effect of PFO in men. This suggests that factors independent of the PFO are responsible for our findings, possibly inherent structural differences in the lung.

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“…Data from trials on D hormone supplementation, either alone or combined, are unsatisfactory likely due to the high variability in protocols and heterogeneity of the studied populations, since general health status, ethnicity, sedentary habit are often not defined, as recently summarized elsewhere [ 80 , 81 ]. Furthermore, recent evidence highlights the major role of exercise-induced sex-dependent heart remodeling during life of men and women at different ages, either sedentary or physically active [ 129 ]. This topic is not addressed in the present review, both for length limits and because, in our opinion, it would deserve a dedicated issue.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The well-perfused oxygenation is one of the mechanisms underlying cardio-protection in healthy female heart. However, recent studies on exercise-induced remodeling in males and females show that female cardiac cells likely retain a lesser degree of metabolic flexibility to adaptation in stress or disease conditions [ 129 ]. Noticeably, in cardiac cells vitamin D is reported to impinge on the energy substrate balance, regulating fat uptake/fatty acid β-oxidation via sirtuin 3 [ 75 ].…”

Section: Vitamin D and Cardiomyocyte Remodelingmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Estrogens and Vitamin D in Cardiomyocyte Protection: A Female Perspective

Crescioli

2021

Biomolecules

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Women experience a dramatical raise in cardiovascular events after menopause. The decline in estrogens is pointed to as the major responsible trigger for the increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Indeed, the menopausal transition associates with heart macro-remodeling, which results from a fine-tuned cell micro-remodeling. The remodeling of cardiomyocytes is a biomolecular response to several physiologic and pathologic stimuli, allowing healthy adaptation in normal conditions or maladaptation in an unfavorable environment, ending in organ architecture disarray. Estrogens largely impinge on cardiomyocyte remodeling, but they cannot fully explain the sex-dimorphism of CVD risk. Albeit cell remodeling and adaptation are under multifactorial regulation, vitamin D emerges to exert significant protective effects, controlling some intracellular paths, often shared with estrogen signaling. In post-menopause, the unfavorable association of hypoestrogenism-D hypovitaminosis may converge towards maladaptive remodeling and contribute to increased CVD risk. The aim of this review is to overview the role of estrogens and vitamin D in female cardiac health, speculating on their potential synergistic effect in cardiomyocyte remodeling, an issue that is not yet fully explored. Further learning the crosstalk between these two steroids in the biomolecular orchestration of cardiac cell fate during adaptation may help the translational approach to future cardioprotective strategies for women health.

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Sex-Specific Impacts of Exercise on Cardiovascular Remodeling

Cited by 15 publications

References 197 publications

Effects of Different Intensities and Durations of Aerobic Exercise on Vascular Endothelial Function in Middle-Aged and Elderly People: A Meta-analysis

Effects of Different Intensities and Durations of Aerobic Exercise on Vascular Endothelial Function in Middle-Aged and Elderly People: A Meta-analysis

Lower transfer factor of the lung for carbon monoxide in women with a patent foramen ovale

The Role of Estrogens and Vitamin D in Cardiomyocyte Protection: A Female Perspective

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