Sex-, tissue-, and exposure duration-dependent effects of imidacloprid modulated by piperonyl butoxide and menadione in rats. Part I: oxidative and neurotoxic potentials

Abstract

Earlier research has evidenced the oxidative and neurotoxic potential of imidacloprid, a neonicotinoid insecticide, in different animal species. The primary aim of this study was to determine how metabolic modulators piperonyl butoxide and menadione affect imidacloprid's adverse action in the liver and kidney of Sprague-Dawley rats of both sexes. The animals were exposed to imidacloprid alone (170 mg kg -1 ) or in combination with piperonyl butoxide (100 mg kg -1 ) or menadione (25 mg kg -1 ) for 12 and 24 h. Their liver and kidney homogenates were analysed spectrophotometrically for glutathione peroxidase, glutathione S-transferase, catalase, total cholinesterase specific activities, total glutathione, total protein content, and lipid peroxidation levels. Imidacloprid displayed its prooxidative and neurotoxic effects predominantly in the kidney of male rats after 24 h of exposure. Our findings suggest that the observed differences in prooxidative and neurotoxic potential of imidacloprid could be related to differences in its metabolism between the sexes. Co-exposure (90-min pre-treatment) with piperonyl butoxide or menadione revealed tissue-specific effect of imidacloprid on total cholinesterase activity. Increased cholinesterase activity in the kidney could be an adaptive response to imidacloprid-induced oxidative stress. In the male rat liver, co-exposure with piperonyl butoxide or menadione exacerbated imidacloprid toxicity. In female rats, imidacloprid+menadione co-exposure caused prooxidative effects, while no such effects were observed with imidacloprid alone or menadione alone. In conclusion, sex-, tissue-, and duration-specific effects of imidacloprid are remarkable points in its toxicity.

Oxidative and apoptotic effects of fluoxetine and its metabolite norfluoxetine in Daphnia magna

“…ROS production and consecutive induction of apoptosis can be triggered via net intracellular Ca 2+ uptake or release from endoplasmic reticulum stores ( 41 ). According to Yardimci et al ( 44 ), increased ChE activity may be an adaptive mechanism against acetylcholine-induced and Ca 2+ -mediated ROS production, which they observed in the kidney of imidacloprid-exposed rats. As for the oxidative effect observed in our study through higher lipid peroxidation levels at Flx and NorFlx concentrations higher than environmental, Yang & Dettbarn ( 45 ) reported a connection between high lipid peroxidation and increased acetylcholine levels caused by anticholinesterase effects of diisopropyl fluorophosphate.…”

Effect of resveratrol on the inflammatory status and oxidative stress in thymus gland and spleen of sulfoxaflor‐treated rats

“…Neonicotinoids were previously believed to have minimal toxic effects on non‐target organisms and the environment with specific toxicity effects on insects. However, various reports suggested numerous toxicity outcomes for neonicotinoids applications such as immunotoxicity, neurotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, and cytotoxicity of the reproductive system of both vertebrates and invertebrates 9,11‐16 . Despite the recent evidence that proved different toxic impacts for SFX application, its potential effect on the immunity, inflammatory responses, and oxidative stress in the thymus and spleen are still unclear.…”

“…Although, increasing reports revealed toxic effects of different neonicotinoids on animals and humans, such as neurotoxicity, immunotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and reproductive cytotoxic effects on vertebrates and invertebrates, [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16] the toxic effect of SFX especially on the immune system and the inflammatory response is poorly inspected. Different polyphenols including flavonoids, anthocyanins, and phenolic acids possess anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.…”

Tissue Concentrations of Vitamin K and Expression of Key Enzymes of Vitamin K Metabolism Are Influenced by Sex and Diet but Not Housing in C57Bl6 Mice

“…Sex-specific differences in the tissue distribution of vitamin K forms have been documented in rats (24,(39)(40)(41)(42). However, there is limited information available regarding the sex-specific responses to vitamin K dietary manipulation or vitamin K metabolism in mice.…”