Sexing day-old chicks: A case study and expert systems analysis of a difficult perceptual-learning task.

Biederman, Irving; Shiffrar, Margaret M.

doi:10.1037//0278-7393.13.4.640

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cogni

1987

DOI: 10.1037//0278-7393.13.4.640

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Sexing day-old chicks: A case study and expert systems analysis of a difficult perceptual-learning task.

Irving Biederman¹,

Margaret M. Shiffrar²

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Cited by 5 publications

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The Trouble With Transfer: Insights From Microgenetic Changes in the Representation of Numerical Magnitude

Opfer

Thompson

2008

Child Development

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Spontaneous transfer of learning is often difficult to elicit. This finding may be widespread partly because pretests proactively interfere with transfer. To test this hypothesis, 7-year-olds' transfer was examined across 2 numerical tasks (number line estimation and categorization) in which similar representational changes have been observed. As predicted, children given feedback on numerical estimates learned to use a linear representation of numerical quantity instead of a logarithmic one, but providing practice on a categorization pretest led children to continue using a logarithmic representation on the same task, which they otherwise abandoned with surprising frequency. These findings imply unsupervised practice of inappropriate representations impedes transfer, and studies of learning can greatly underestimate children's potential for transfer if pretest effects are uncontrolled.

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The Trouble With Transfer: Insights From Microgenetic Changes in the Representation of Numerical Magnitude

Opfer

Thompson

2008

Child Development

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Breast screening, chicken sexing and the search for oil: challenges for visual cognition

Donnelly

Cave

Welland³

et al. 2006

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Interpretation of images of the Earth's subsurface is a process whereby humans perceive and categorize visual features derived from seismic data. The seismic data are presented in the form of vertical slices showing points of change in some variable being measured (e.g. acoustic impedance) and horizontal slices showing surfaces interpolated between values at a particular time or horizon across multiple vertical slices. These images are usually highly complex and their nature has been determined largely by the technical capabilities of the hardware and software of the imaging technology. Because of these constraints, we argue, images do not convey information as readily as they could. We believe that these images could be more informative if they were constructed and tailored with known properties of the human visual system. Furthermore, little or no consideration has been given to the training and selection for image interpretation vis-h-vis the fundamental psychological skills that distinguish good from poor interpreters. In this paper we argue that tailoring images to the human visual system and developing working practices that eliminate biases will improve the detection of subtle features related to hydrocarbon traps. Furthermore, establishing training procedures that enhance the visual system's ability to detect and encode hydrocarbon traps, and creating selection procedures that select individuals with excellent visual imagery skills will also facilitate performance.The apparently effortless act of seeing and interpreting information coming into our eyes hides a fact. Visual processing is one of the most complex tasks achieved by humans. Large areas of our brains are devoted to the task of processing visual information so that we can see and comprehend the visual world about us. Our visual skills include not only recognition, but also the guidance of actions and the creation and manipulation of visual images. In forming visual images and the mental tools for their manipulation, we create the basis for visual problem solving. The goal of this paper is to understand the processes involved in image interpretation for hydrocarbon deposits, given the basic visual data presented to image interpreters using imaging (for example seismic interpretation) software. This understanding will be framed using basic principles of the human visual system that have been gleaned from many years of psychological experimentation. In exploring the problems of image interpretation, we will examine two related issues. First, why is the process of image interpretation so hard given the image data available? Second, how might image interpretation be improved? In bringing together the two disparate areas of visual cognition and image interpretation for hydrocarbons, we accept at the outset that the treatment of both will be simplistic. Nevertheless, by showing how image interpretation might be advanced by greater consideration of the nature of human visual processing, we will demonstrate how technical advances in imaging need to be tu...

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EXPERT AND EXCEPTIONAL PERFORMANCE: Evidence of Maximal Adaptation to Task Constraints

Ericsson

Lehmann²

1996

Annu. Rev. Psychol.

1,757

1,126

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Expert and exceptional performance are shown to be mediated by cognitive and perceptual-motor skills and by domain-specific physiological and anatomical adaptations. The highest levels of human performance in different domains can only be attained after around ten years of extended, daily amounts of deliberate practice activities. Laboratory analyses of expert performance in many domains such as chess, medicine, auditing, computer programming, bridge, physics, sports, typing, juggling, dance, and music reveal maximal adaptations of experts to domain-specific constraints. For example, acquired anticipatory skills circumvent general limits on reaction time, and distinctive memory skills allow a domain-specific expansion of working memory capacity to support planning, reasoning, and evaluation. Many of the mechanisms of superior expert performance serve the dual purpose of mediating experts' current performance and of allowing continued improvement of this performance in response to informative feedback during practice activities.

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Sexing day-old chicks: A case study and expert systems analysis of a difficult perceptual-learning task.

Cited by 5 publications

References 0 publications

The Trouble With Transfer: Insights From Microgenetic Changes in the Representation of Numerical Magnitude

The Trouble With Transfer: Insights From Microgenetic Changes in the Representation of Numerical Magnitude

Breast screening, chicken sexing and the search for oil: challenges for visual cognition

EXPERT AND EXCEPTIONAL PERFORMANCE: Evidence of Maximal Adaptation to Task Constraints

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