Sexing Frogs by Real-Time PCR: Using Aromatase &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;(cyp19) &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;as an Early Ovarian Differentiation Marker

Navarro‐Martín, Laia; Velasco-Santamaría, Yohana M.; Duarte‐Guterman, Paula; Robertson, Courtney; Lanctôt, Chantal M.; Pauli, Bruce D.; Trudeau, Vance L.

doi:10.1159/000343783

Cited by 31 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 133 publications

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“…Gonadal development and differentiation in anurans starts between Gs28 and Gs31 [Ogielska and Kotusz, 2004]. Our study did not detect sex differences in star at the onset of gonadal differentiation (Gs30), a stage where we have previously demonstrated clear sexually dimorphic expression of genes involved in gonadal differentiation in L. sylvaticus tadpoles [Navarro-Martín et al, 2012]. These results are in accordance with Maruo et al [2008], who examined star mRNA levels at different developmental stages during premetamorphosis in G. rugosa (corresponding to developmental stages between Gs25 and Gs30).…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 65%

“…Tadpoles in this particular pond underwent metamorphosis by mid-July, and the pond dried completely at the end of August. In a previous study the samples were used to develop a PCR-based method to predict phenotypic sex in tadpoles of different amphibian species [Navarro-Martín et al, 2012]. To do that, we measured tadpoles' mRNA levels of candidate genes known to be involved in sex differentiation in other vertebrate species.…”

Section: Developmental Profile Of Star Gene Expression In the Gmc Of mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In fish and amphibians, StAR mRNA is found in steroidogenic tissues such as gonads and head kidney [Bauer et al, 2000;Nunez and Evans, 2007;Paden et al, 2010]. Several studies have shown that genes related to sexual differentiation are expressed in a sexually dimorphic manner during sex differentiation or adult life [reviewed by Navarro-Martín et al, 2012]. However, other studies have shown that this might not always be the case for gonadal star mRNA.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Characterization and Developmental Expression Profile of the Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory Protein (StAR) in the Gonad-Mesonephros Complex of Lithobates sylvaticus

Robertson

Pauli²,

Trudeau³

et al. 2016

Sex Dev

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The steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) protein is responsible for the movement of cholesterol across mitochondrial membranes and is therefore a key factor in regulating the timing and rate of steroidogenesis. In this study, we characterized the coding region of the star gene in the ranid Lithobates sylvaticus and studied star mRNA levels in steroidogenic tissues during development and under natural conditions. Our results support previous research showing that the StAR sequence is well conserved. We determined that star is expressed in both the interrenal and gonadal tissues of adults and in the tadpole gonad-mesonephros complex (GMC). The mRNA levels of star in the GMC were found to increase during tadpole development, reaching a maximum between Gosner stages (Gs) 32 and 38. We observed a significant drop in star mRNA levels at the end of prometamorphosis (Gs40-41), just before the start of the metamorphic climax. Significant differences in star levels between females and males, with males presenting higher levels than females, were detected at Gs36-38. To our knowledge, this is the first study that reports transitory star sex differences in tadpoles' developing GMC. Our results suggest an involvement of StAR in anuran late male GMC formation and development that requires further investigation.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 65%

Section: Developmental Profile Of Star Gene Expression In the Gmc Of mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Characterization and Developmental Expression Profile of the Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory Protein (StAR) in the Gonad-Mesonephros Complex of Lithobates sylvaticus

Robertson

Pauli²,

Trudeau³

et al. 2016

Sex Dev

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“…Particularly, the expression of aromatase is higher in the undifferentiated gonad of female tadpoles than in male ones, while CYP17 is enhanced in the undifferentiated male gonads prior to sex determination and continues at high levels thereafter (Sakurai et al, ; Nakamura, ). This same pattern was found in X. laevis and Lithobates sylvaticus (Okada et al, ; Navarro‐Martín et al, ).…”

supporting

confidence: 78%

Development and steroidogenic properties of the Bidder's organ of the tadpole of Rhinella arenarum (Amphibia, Anura)

et al. 2014

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Several studies suggested that in anuran amphibians steroidogenic enzymes are critical for gonadal differentiation, proposing that the amount of sex steroids would adjust this differentiation. Among anurans, bufonids are important for the study of sex differentiation due to the presence of Bidder's organ (BO) that differentiates as a rudimentary ovary in the cephalic portion of the genital ridge. Considering that in adult males of Rhinella arenarum, the BO synthesizes estradiol, the main purpose of this work is to examine, in this species, the morphogenesis of BO and the steroidogenic capacity of this organ during larval development. BO and the proper gonads are distinguished from Gosner stage 26. During metamorphosis, BO primary oogonia develop in oogonia in nests, early previtellogenic oocytes and late previtellogenic oocytes in follicles while proper gonads remain undifferentiated. Aromatase was detected by immunohistochemistry in almost all the largest follicles of the BOs while the cytochrome P450 side-chain cleavage was observed in only few oocytes. The proper gonad was not immunoreactive in any stage. The determination of aromatase and 5α-reductase activities showed that the population of tadpoles between stages 36-41 is not homogeneous in terms of aromatase activity. In addition, from stage 26 to the end of metamorphosis, all the stages were able to produce estradiol from endogenous substrate but stages 40-41, corresponding to the end of pro-metamorphosis, produced the highest values. In conclusion, BO is able to synthesize estradiol from endogenous precursors and proper gonad remains undifferentiated at least until the end of the metamorphosis.

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“…This increasing expression is correlated with ovarian formation [Okada et al, 2009]. Similarly, in the adult wood frog, Lithobates sylvaticus , Foxl2 is expressed in both gonads although a clear dimorphic expression in the ovaries is observed [Navarro- Martin et al, 2012]. Hence, in amphibians Foxl2 is also linked to gonad feminization.…”

Section: Amphibiansmentioning

confidence: 99%

Foxl2 and Its Relatives Are Evolutionary Conserved Players in Gonadal Sex Differentiation

Bertho

Pasquier

Pan

et al. 2016

Sex Dev

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Foxl2 is a member of the large family of Forkhead Box (Fox) domain transcription factors. It emerged during the last 15 years as a key player in ovarian differentiation and oogenesis in vertebrates and especially mammals. This review focuses on Foxl2 genes in light of recent findings on their evolution, expression, and implication in sex differentiation in animals in general. Homologs of Foxl2 and its paralog Foxl3 are found in all metazoans, but their gene evolution is complex, with multiple gains and losses following successive whole genome duplication events in vertebrates. This review aims to decipher the evolutionary forces that drove Foxl2/3 gene specialization through sub- and neo-functionalization during evolution. Expression data in metazoans suggests that Foxl2/3 progressively acquired a role in both somatic and germ cell gonad differentiation and that a certain degree of sub-functionalization occurred after its duplication in vertebrates. This generated a scenario where Foxl2 is predominantly expressed in ovarian somatic cells and Foxl3 in male germ cells. To support this hypothesis, we provide original results showing that in the pea aphid (insects) foxl2/3 is predominantly expressed in sexual females and showing that in bovine ovaries FOXL2 is specifically expressed in granulosa cells. Overall, current results suggest that Foxl2 and Foxl3 are evolutionarily conserved players involved in somatic and germinal differentiation of gonadal sex.

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Sexing Frogs by Real-Time PCR: Using Aromatase <b><i>(cyp19) </i></b>as an Early Ovarian Differentiation Marker

Cited by 31 publications

References 133 publications

Characterization and Developmental Expression Profile of the Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory Protein (StAR) in the Gonad-Mesonephros Complex of <b><i>Lithobates sylvaticus</i></b>

Characterization and Developmental Expression Profile of the Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory Protein (StAR) in the Gonad-Mesonephros Complex of <b><i>Lithobates sylvaticus</i></b>

Development and steroidogenic properties of the Bidder's organ of the tadpole of Rhinella arenarum (Amphibia, Anura)

Foxl2 and Its Relatives Are Evolutionary Conserved Players in Gonadal Sex Differentiation

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