“…We speculate that the victim may be attributed less blame by individuals if they observe that the victim is already The present study also examines male, as well as female rape. A small but growing literature on male rape has recently appeared (Anderson, 1999;Anderson, Beattie & Spencer, 2001;Isely & Gehrenbeck-Shim, 1997;Kaufman, DiVasto, Jackson, Voorhees & Christy, 1980;Mitchell, Hirschman & Nagayama Hall, 1999), representing a shift in focus from solely female to male rape, which can be attributed to the increasing public realisation that men can also be victims of rape. Until recently, it has generally been assumed by researchers and the lay population that male rape is rare, primarily occurring in incarcerated settings (Donnelly & Kenyon, 1996;Stermac, Sheridan, Davidson & Dunn, 1996;Struckman-Johnson & StruckmanJohnson, 1992;Whatley & Riggio, 1993).…”