1985
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-4832-0_4
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Sexual Behavior Differentiation

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Cited by 40 publications
(10 citation statements)
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“…The alterations in sexual behaviors that prenatally stressed males generally show are believed to result from exposure to an abnormal pattern of testosterone during fetal life (Orth et al, 1983; Ward & Weisz, 1980, 1984). An extensive literature indicates that low androgen levels during prenatal development cause inadequately masculinized sexual patterns in male rats (see review by Ward & Ward, 1985). However, the present data suggest that the amount and type of sexual behavior displayed by an adult male depend not only on the hormonal milieu that persisted during fetal ontogeny but also on the quality of the social environment experienced during prepuberal development.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
See 1 more Smart Citation
“…The alterations in sexual behaviors that prenatally stressed males generally show are believed to result from exposure to an abnormal pattern of testosterone during fetal life (Orth et al, 1983; Ward & Weisz, 1980, 1984). An extensive literature indicates that low androgen levels during prenatal development cause inadequately masculinized sexual patterns in male rats (see review by Ward & Ward, 1985). However, the present data suggest that the amount and type of sexual behavior displayed by an adult male depend not only on the hormonal milieu that persisted during fetal ontogeny but also on the quality of the social environment experienced during prepuberal development.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The first is the relative amount of androgen present during specific stages of development. In the rat, inadequate exposure of genetic males to testicular steroids during prenatal or neonatal life causes impaired ejaculatory behavior in adulthood, coupled with an increased potential for the female lordotic pattern (see review by Ward & Ward, 1985). The second factor is prepuberal social stimulation provided by members of the same species.…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In order to explain sex differences in behavioral responses to steroids, Phoenix and colleagues (Phoenix et al, 1959) first proposed that sex-typical adult behavioral (activational) responses to steroid hormones are programmed (organized) by steroid hormones acting on the nervous system during a sensitive period of early development (i.e., not in adulthood). Subsequently, scores of experiments led to the identification of a maximally sensitive period for hormone-dependent sexual differentiation of the brain during prenatal and early neonatal development in non-human primates and rodents (reviewed in Baum, 1979;Wallen, 2005;Wallen & Baum, 2002;Ward & Ward, 1985). In the 1970s, Scott and colleagues laid the theoretical groundwork for the existence of multiple sensitive periods for the progressive organization of the nervous system, and noted that sensitive periods for behavioral development are most likely to occur during periods of rapid developmental change (Scott et al, 1974).…”
Section: The Hormonal and Neural Events Of Puberty And Adolescencementioning
confidence: 97%
“…Based on research in laboratory rodents, it has been assumed that the creation of a typical male phenotype (especially external masculinization) requires the relative absence of high levels of stress and associated glucocorticoids, which can inhibit masculinization (Ward and Ward, 1985). Thus, stressful experiences during early development are another possible mechanism for suppressing masculine traits, including genital masculinization (Ward and Ward, 1985). Support for this hypothesis comes from research in rats; early life stress or increases in glucocorticoids also increase male sociality and parental behavior in late life (Kinsley and Bridges, 1988).…”
Section: The Developmental Origins Of Social Monogamymentioning
confidence: 99%