Sexual Conflict in Humans

Shackelford, Todd K.; Goetz, Aaron T.; Liddle, James R.; Bush, Lance S.

doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195396706.013.0001

Cited by 4 publications

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“…In that sense, the acquired behavioural response can be reversible as it can change according to e.g., learning contingencies (e.g., counterconditioning), and most importantly, it does not involve a genetic change that is inherited by the offspring. In that regard, cognitive processes have been considered as sources of new and fast adaptations in research areas such as that of comparative psychology ( Shettleworth, 2009 ) or eco-evolutionary dynamics ( Svensson, 2019 ), but they have been overlooked in the field of sexual conflict (e.g., Chapman et al, 2003 ; Shackelford and Goetz, 2012 ). As we have already discussed, most of the sexual conflict strategies that animals employ are still largely examined under a very mechanistic approach in which only physiological mechanisms and genetic traits seem to be considered ( Alvarez and Koene, 2018 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cognition and Its Shaping Effect on Sexual Conflict: Integrating Biology and Psychology

Álvarez

Koene

2022

Front. Integr. Neurosci.

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While genetic variation is of crucial importance for organisms to be able to adapt to their ever-changing environments over generations, cognitive processes can serve the same purpose by acting at shorter time scales. Cognition, and its resulting behaviour, allows animals to display flexible, fast and reversible responses that, without implying a genetic change, are crucial for adaptation and survival. In the research field on sexual conflict, where studies focus on male and female mating strategies that increase the individual’s reproductive fitness while forcing a cost on the partner, the role that cognition may play in how such strategies can be optimised has been widely overlooked. However, a careful analysis of behavioural studies shows that animals can develop and change their responses depending on what they perceive as well as on what they can predict from their experience, which can be of prime importance for optimising their reproductive fitness. As will be reviewed here, largely psychological processes, such as perception, memory, learning and decision-making, can not only modulate sexual conflict, but can also have a big impact on the reproductive success of a given individual. This review highlights the need for a more integrative view of sexual conflict where cognitive processes are also considered as a fundamental part of an animal’s adaptive mating response.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cognition and Its Shaping Effect on Sexual Conflict: Integrating Biology and Psychology

Álvarez

Koene

2022

Front. Integr. Neurosci.

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“…Women may find that their vigilance with regard to the threat of rape is physically, psychologically, and economically taxing; indeed, some feminist movements are attempting to put the onus on men to avoid raping women, rather than focusing on women's rape-avoidance tactics (Williams, 2013). Although educating men about women's interests in avoiding rape and sexual coercion is important, to be effective, this education must be informed by evolutionary concepts such as differential parental investment and sexual conflict (Shackelford and Goetz, 2012). The latter concept describes a coevolutionary arms-race between the sexes whereby an adaptation in one sex (e.g., men's sexual aggressiveness) evolves at a cost to the other sex (e.g., women's vulnerability to men's sexual aggressiveness).…”

Section: Evolutionary Awareness and Culturementioning

confidence: 99%

Evolutionary Awareness

Gorelik

Shackelford

2014

Evol Psychol

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Abstract:In this article, we advance the concept of "evolutionary awareness," a metacognitive framework that examines human thought and emotion from a naturalistic, evolutionary perspective. We begin by discussing the evolution and current functioning of the moral foundations on which our framework rests. Next, we discuss the possible applications of such an evolutionarily-informed ethical framework to several domains of human behavior, namely: sexual maturation, mate attraction, intrasexual competition, culture, and the separation between various academic disciplines. Finally, we discuss ways in which an evolutionary awareness can inform our cross-generational activities-which we refer to as "intergenerational extended phenotypes"-by helping us to construct a better future for ourselves, for other sentient beings, and for our environment.

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“…Cryptomphalus aspersus) is considered one of the group terrestrial molluscs or land molluscs (mollusks) and is classified as a land snail and under the family Helicidae (Blacket, 2016;Geiger, 2011;Cowie, 2011). The Garden Snail (Cornu aspersum) species usually has sexual reproduction and has two genders, male and female, for the same species and producing both male and female gametes (Koene, 2017;Shackelford & Goetz, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation Extraction of the Garden Snail's Shells using GC-MS Spectrometry

Kadhim,

Almhanna

2023

JLL

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This study focused on the powder of the shell of the local garden snail in Iraq to identify the chemical compounds and determine the diversity and biological contents that might be applied for other applications and studies. Thus, snails shell was collected from local rivers in Al Diwaniya city, middle of Iraq; 500 grams of the shell powder of the garden snail was smashed and grinded and analysed during this study. The shell powder was extracted by ethanol, and 250mg of the yield was injected in GC-Mass spectrometry and analyzed. The detection of chemical compounds in the garden snail shell was identified by comparison with the mass spectra library of the GC-Mass data system. Results exhibited that six chemical compounds were largely predominant among other elements of the shell powder, including hexadecanoic acid, ethyl ester, (E)-9-Octadecenoic acid ethyl ester, pentadecanoic acid, heptadecanoic acid, ethyl ester, and 9-Octadecenamide, (Z)-. Also, the analysis profiled more than 23 chemical compounds that constituted the structure of the garden snail shell with a low percentage area. These substances were classified into fatty acids, saturated fatty acids, organic compounds, natural products, and methyl and ethyl esters. Consequently, these natural materials are essential active compounds that could be used for more medical and research applications studies. However, the yield of chemical compounds was a low amount. To sum up, GC-Mass spectrometry has displayed a high biological diversity of chemical compounds substances in the shell of garden snails, which can help researchers to investigate more for different natural chemical resources in the shell of a garden snail.

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Sexual Conflict in Humans

Cited by 4 publications

References 0 publications

Cognition and Its Shaping Effect on Sexual Conflict: Integrating Biology and Psychology

Cognition and Its Shaping Effect on Sexual Conflict: Integrating Biology and Psychology

Evolutionary Awareness

Investigation Extraction of the Garden Snail's Shells using GC-MS Spectrometry

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