Sexual dimorphism in mitochondrial dysfunction and diabetes mellitus: evidence from a population-based cohort study

Abstract

Background Pathophysiological mechanisms underlying sex-based differences in diabetes remain poorly understood. Mitochondrial metabolite methylmalonic acid (MMA) accumulation reflects mitochondrial dysfunction which is involved in sex-specific pathophysiological responses biologically. We aimed to investigate the sex-specific associations between mortality risk and MMA in adults with the presence or absence of type 2 diabetes. Methods This cohort study included 24,164 adults (12,123 females and 12,041 males) from the NHANES study during 1999–2014. Both sexes were separately categorized as those with no diabetes, prediabetes, undiagnosed diabetes, and diagnosed diabetes. Circulating MMA level was measured at baseline by mass-spectrometric detection. Mortality status was ascertained from baseline until December 31, 2015. Results During a median follow-up of 11.1 years, 3375 deaths were documented. Males had a particularly higher mortality than females in adults with diagnosed diabetes compared to differences in those with no diabetes, prediabetes and undiagnosed diabetes (sex differences in mortality rate per 1000 person-years across diabetic status: 0.62, 1.44, 5.78, and 9.77, p < 0.001). Notably, the sex-specific difference in associations between MMA and mortality was significant only in adults with diagnosed diabetes (p for interaction = 0.028), not in adults with no diabetes and prediabetes. Adjusted HRs (95%CIs) per doubling of MMA for all-cause mortality were 1.19 (1.04–1.37) in females with diagnosed diabetes versus 1.58 (1.36–1.86) in male counterparts. In addition, MMA levels had an insignificant or weak correlation with sex hormone profiles at baseline, regardless of diabetes status and sex. Conclusions Sex difference in mortality risk was especially significant in diagnosed type 2 diabetes. Increasing equivalent exposure to mitochondrial metabolite MMA was associated with a greater excess risk of future mortality in males with diabetes than in females.

Navigating the future of diabetes: innovative nomogram models for predicting all-cause mortality risk in diabetic nephropathy

“…Overall, male patients tend to have a higher risk of overall mortality compared to female patients. Wang [ 28 ] conducted a study on 2535 diagnosed participants with diabetes in NHANES from 1999 to 2018, and the results revealed that the risk of overall mortality and cardiovascular mortality was significantly higher in males than females. Similarly, it was observed that male diabetic nephropathy patients had a higher risk of both microvascular and macrovascular complications.…”