Sexual dimorphism in the human brain: evaluation of tissue volume, tissue composition and surface anatomy using magnetic resonance imaging

Nopoulos, Peg; Flaum, Michael; O’Leary, Dan; Andreasen, Nancy C.

doi:10.1016/s0925-4927(99)00044-x

Cited by 291 publications

(200 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…After adjusting for sex, r ϭ 0.09 and 0.10 for brain size versus height and weight, both nonsignificant. Nopoulos (27) Healthy men (42) and women (42); brain evaluated with MRI.…”

Section: Relationship To Energy Requirementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differences between brain mass and body weight scaling to height: potential mechanism of reduced mass-specific resting energy expenditure of taller adults

Heymsfield¹,

Chirachariyavej²,

Rhyu³

et al. 2009

Journal of Applied Physiology

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Heymsfield SB, Chirachariyavej T, Rhyu IJ, Roongpisuthipong C, Heo M, Pietrobelli A. Differences between brain mass and body weight scaling to height: potential mechanism of reduced mass-specific resting energy expenditure of taller adults. J Appl Physiol 106: 40 -48, 2009. First published November 13, 2008 doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.91123.2008.-Adult resting energy expenditure (REE) scales as height ϳ1.5 , whereas body weight (BW) scales as height ϳ2 . Mass-specific REE (i.e., REE/BW) is thus lower in tall subjects compared with their shorter counterparts, the mechanism of which is unknown. We evaluated the hypothesis that high-metabolic-rate brain mass scales to height with a power significantly less than that of BW, a theory that if valid would provide a potential mechanism for height-related REE effects. The hypothesis was tested by measuring brain mass on a large (n ϭ 372) postmortem sample of Thai men. Since brain mass-body size relations may be influenced by age, the hypothesis was secondarily explored in Thai men age Յ45 yr (n ϭ 299) and with brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies in Korean men (n ϭ 30) age Ն20Ͻ30 yr. The scaling of large body compartments was examined in a third group of Asian men living in New York (NY, n ϭ 28) with MRI and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Brain mass scaled to height with a power (mean Ϯ SEE; 0.46 Ϯ 0.13) significantly smaller (P Ͻ 0.001) than that of BW scaled to height (2.36 Ϯ 0.19) in the whole group of Thai men; brain mass/BW scaled negatively to height (Ϫ1.94 Ϯ 0.20, P Ͻ 0.001). Similar results were observed in younger Thai men, and results for brain mass/BW vs. height were directionally the same (P ϭ 0.09) in Korean men. Skeletal muscle and bone scaled to height with powers similar to that of BW (i.e., ϳ2-3) in the NY Asian men. Models developed using REE estimates in Thai men suggest that brain accounts for most of the REE/BW height dependency. Tall and short men thus differ in relative brain mass, but the proportions of BW as large compartments appear independent of height, observations that provide a potential mechanistic basis for related differences in REE and that have implications for the study of adult energy requirements. body composition; nutritional requirements ENERGY REQUIREMENTS ARE LARGELY determined by subject body weight (5b, 23). Since adult body weight increases as a function of height ϳ2 (33), taller subjects weigh more and have a greater energy requirement than their shorter counterparts (5b). The largest component of energy requirements in most adults is related to resting energy expenditure (REE), and REE scales as height ϳ1.5 (13). Accordingly, mass-specific resting energy requirements, defined as REE/body weight, decrease as height Ϫ0.5 . Tall subjects thus appear to have a smaller magnitude mass-specific REE and from the energetic perspective can be considered relatively more "efficient" at rest. Greater stature and associated body weight are thus not accompanied by a proportionally larger resting energy need.The mechanism leadin...

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“…After adjusting for sex, r ϭ 0.09 and 0.10 for brain size versus height and weight, both nonsignificant. Nopoulos (27) Healthy men (42) and women (42); brain evaluated with MRI.…”

Section: Relationship To Energy Requirementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differences between brain mass and body weight scaling to height: potential mechanism of reduced mass-specific resting energy expenditure of taller adults

Heymsfield¹,

Chirachariyavej²,

Rhyu³

et al. 2009

Journal of Applied Physiology

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“…All analyses were split by sex due to evidence of structural and functional differences between the male and female brain present in adults and children, including studies from our lab (43)(44)(45)(46). Subgroups within the sample were also constructed based on differences in the predicted risk of depression.…”

Section: Subject Groupsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rostral Anterior Cingulate Cortex Volume Correlates with Depressed Mood in Normal Healthy Children

Boes¹,

McCormick²,

Coryell³

et al. 2008

Biological Psychiatry

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134

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BACKGROUND-The rostral anterior cingulate cortex (rACC) has been implicated as a structural neural correlate of familial major depressive disorder, raising the possibility that the structure of this region may act as a biologic marker of depression vulnerability. The aim of the current study was to determine whether children and adolescents with depressive symptoms have lower rACC volume relative to those without symptoms and examine how a positive family history of depression affects this relationship.

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“…Although the adult brain shows a high degree of symmetry for prominent cortical gyri and sulci (Maudgil et al 1998;Dale et al 1999;Fischl et al 1999), variations in surface morphology and asymmetries of transmitter systems occur (Hutsler et al 1998;Kovacs et al 1998;Nopoulos et al 2000;Watkins et al 2001;Sowell et al 2002). Cortical morphology varies with age and with the pathological state of the patient (Kitagaki et al 1998;Symonds et al 1999;Resnick et al 2000;Narr et al 2001a,b;Tang et al 2001;Hardy and Selkoe 2002).…”

Section: Tissue Dissectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biochemical and molecular studies using human autopsy brain tissue

Hynd

Lewohl

Scott

et al. 2003

Journal of Neurochemistry

222

171

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The use of human brain tissue obtained at autopsy for neurochemical, pharmacological and physiological analyses is reviewed. RNA and protein samples have been found suitable for expression profiling by techniques that include RT-PCR, cDNA microarrays, western blotting, immunohistochemistry and proteomics. The rapid development of molecular biological techniques has increased the impetus for this work to be applied to studies of brain disease. It has been shown that most nucleic acids and proteins are reasonably stable postmortem. However, their abundance and integrity can exhibit marked intra-and intercase variability, making comparisons between case-groups difficult. Variability can reveal important functional and biochemical information. The correct interpretation of neurochemical data must take into account such factors as age, gender, ethnicity, medicative history, immediate ante-mortem status, agonal state and post-mortem and post-autopsy intervals. Here we consider issues associated with the sampling of DNA, RNA and proteins using human autopsy brain tissue in relation to various ante-and postmortem factors. We conclude that valid and practical measures of a variety of parameters may be made in human brain tissue, provided that specific factors are controlled.

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Sexual dimorphism in the human brain: evaluation of tissue volume, tissue composition and surface anatomy using magnetic resonance imaging

Cited by 291 publications

References 50 publications

Differences between brain mass and body weight scaling to height: potential mechanism of reduced mass-specific resting energy expenditure of taller adults

Differences between brain mass and body weight scaling to height: potential mechanism of reduced mass-specific resting energy expenditure of taller adults

Rostral Anterior Cingulate Cortex Volume Correlates with Depressed Mood in Normal Healthy Children

Biochemical and molecular studies using human autopsy brain tissue

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