Sexual Dimorphism in the Limb Bones of Asiatic Toad (Bufo gargarizans) in Relation to Sexual Selection

Abstract

Sexual dimorphism is often considered to be the result of differences in the intensity of sexual selection between sexes. From this point of view, the sexual dimorphism of the limb bones of the Bufo gargarizans in southwest China was studied. Results showed that the fore- and hindlimb skeletons of this species were sexually dimorphic in anatomy. The humerus, radioulna, and total lengths of the forelimb skeleton of males were substantially longer than those of females, but the hand length of males was smaller than that of females. Several other features of males, such as deltoid and medial crest areas and humerus and radioulnar weights, were also significantly larger than those of females. The femoris, tibiofibula, talus–calcaneus, and foot lengths; total hindlimb skeleton length; and femoral upper crest areas of males were significantly greater than those of females. However, no significant intersexual difference in femoris and tibiofibular weights was observed. These findings suggested that robust forelimb bones and long hindlimb bones could contribute to the mating success of males; if so, sexual selection promotes the evolution of sexual size and shape dimorphism in the limb bones of the B. gargarizans.