Sexual Harassment and Abuse among Young Elite Athletes, Recreational Athletes, and Reference Students: A Prospective Study

Sølvberg, Nina; Torstveit, Monica Klungland; Rosenvinge, Jan H.; Pettersen, Gunn; Sundgot‐Borgen, Jorunn

doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000002972

Cited by 19 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…It is, however, important to acknowledge that the mean scores on CTQ subscales were quite high in the total sample, regardless of CET score and the sample consisted adults with long duration of EDs. There might be other patterns in the links between childhood trauma and compulsive exercise in younger samples, samples with shorter durations of the ED, and in populations from high performance cultures with known violent or non-violent abusive behavior such as elite sports and dancing (Mountjoy et al, 2016;Sølvberg et al, 2022). This should be further explored in future studies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Effects of inpatient treatment on compulsive exercise in adults with longstanding eating disorders: Secondary analysis from a randomized controlled trial with 12‐month follow‐up

Vrabel,

Bratland‐Sanda

2023

Intl J Eating Disorders

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PurposeThis study aimed to examine changes in compulsive exercise among adults with eating disorders (ED) admitted for inpatient treatment in a randomized controlled trial comparing cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and compassion‐focused therapy (CFT) and whether such changes were influenced by treatment condition, childhood trauma, or level of compulsive exercise.MethodA total of 130 adults admitted to inpatient treatment for EDs mean (SD) age 30.9 (9.7) years, mean illness duration 14.2 (8.9) years, were randomized to receive CBT or CFT and analyzed using multilevel modeling. Assessments included Eating Disorders Examination – Interview, Compulsive Exercise Test and Childhood Trauma Questionnaire.ResultsMean total CET score at baseline was 14.7 (4.0) with no difference between the treatment groups. A total of 63 (48.5%) had CET score ≥ 15, indicating clinical levels. There was an overall time effect on reduction in CET total and all CET subscale scores except Lack of enjoyment, and CFT provided greater reduction compared to CBT on the CET subscale Mood improvements. Patients with clinical CET score levels showed greater reduction on CET total and the subscales Avoidance, Weight, and Rigidity across time compared to persons with non‐clinical CET score. Childhood trauma did not predict changes in CET total or subscale scores.DiscussionBoth CBT and CFT improve overall compulsive exercise. The greater effect of CFT than CBT on exercise as a maladaptive mood regulator calls for further research on how affective oriented psychotherapies can not only reduce compulsive exercise but also promote functional exercise among persons with EDs.Public Significance StatementUnderstanding and addressing compulsive exercise in adults with eating disorders is crucial. This study comparing cognitive‐behavioral therapy and compassion‐focused therapy shows both improve compulsive exercise. Importantly, compassion‐focused therapy has a greater impact as an emotion‐focused regulator. This emphasizes the need for further exploration into how emotion‐focused therapies can reduce compulsive exercise and promote healthier, functional physical activity for individuals with eating disorders.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Effects of inpatient treatment on compulsive exercise in adults with longstanding eating disorders: Secondary analysis from a randomized controlled trial with 12‐month follow‐up

Vrabel,

Bratland‐Sanda

2023

Intl J Eating Disorders

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“…The present study builds on this previous work, providing one of the first comprehensive assessments of self-reported experiences with IV in sport by currently competing college athletes while in the middle of their college career. It expands on emerging research among US college athletes that has, until now, primarily focused on the potentially devastating consequences of sexual abuse as a form of IV . Recent research from the Commonwealth Games Federation suggests that athletes who are actively engaged in highly competitive training are in a unique period of their lives .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… 1 , 6 Among elite athletes competing at the top of their sport, research suggests that as many as 75% will experience IV at some point during their career, 7 particularly those who identify as being female, 7 , 8 having a disability, 9 belonging to historically underrepresented racial and ethnic groups, 10 , 11 and having a nonheterosexual sexual orientation. 9 Among youth or adolescent 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 and collegiate 16 , 17 , 18 athletes, the prevalence of IV has been reported to be upward of 33%, with a substantial proportion of the literature focusing on experiences of sexual abuse as a form of IV. 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Experiences of Interpersonal Violence in Sport and Perceived Coaching Style Among College Athletes

Zogg,

Runquist,

Amick

et al. 2024

JAMA Netw Open

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ImportanceConcern about interpersonal violence (IV) in sport is increasing, yet its implications remain poorly understood, particularly among currently competing college athletes.ObjectiveTo document the self-reported prevalence of IV in college sports; identify associated risk factors; examine potential consequences associated with athletes’ psychosocial well-being, emotional connection to their sport, and willingness to seek help; and explore the associations between IV reporting and perceived variations in coaching styles.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis survey study analyzes results of the 2021 to 2022 National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) myPlaybook survey, which was administered from July to December 2021 to 123 colleges and universities across the US. Participants were NCAA athletes aged 18 to 25 years who were current players on an NCAA-sanctioned team.ExposuresSelf-reported demographic characteristics (eg, athlete gender identity and sexual orientation) and perceived differences in supportive vs abusive coaching styles (eg, athlete autonomy, team culture, and extent of abusive supervision).Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe primary outcome was self-reported experiences of IV in sport during the college sports career of currently competing college athletes. Types of IV considered were physical abuse, financial abuse, sexual abuse, psychological or emotional abuse, and neglect or abandonment. Outcomes potentially affected by IV were assessed with 4 questionnaires.ResultsA total of 4119 athletes (mean [SD] age, 19.3 [1.5] years; 2302 males [55.9%]) completed the survey (response rate, 21.2%). One in 10 athletes (404 of 4119 [9.8%]) reported experiencing at least 1 type of IV during their college sports career, of whom two-thirds (267 [6.5%]) experienced IV within the past 6 weeks. On multivariable analysis, female gender identity (odds ratio [OR], 2.14; 95% CI, 1.46-3.13), nonheterosexual sexual orientation (OR, 1.56; 95% CI, 1.01-2.42), increasing age beyond 18 years (OR, 1.13; 95% CI, 1.01-1.30), increasing year of NCAA eligibility beyond the first year (OR, 1.19; 95% CI, 1.02-1.39), and participation in select sports (eg, volleyball: OR, 2.77 [95% CI, 1.34-5.72]; ice hockey: OR, 2.86 [95% CI, 1.17-6.95]) were independently associated with IV. When exposed to IV, college athletes reported experiencing consistently worse psychosocial outcomes, including increased burnout (mean difference on a 5-point Likert scale, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.63-0.86; P &lt; .001) and an expressed desire to consider quitting their sport (mean difference, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.70-0.92; P &lt; .001). They were not, however, less willing to seek help. Differences in coaching style were associated with differences in IV reporting. In risk-adjusted linear regression models, having a more supportive coach was associated with a 7.4 (95% CI, 6.4-8.4) absolute percentage point decrease in athletes’ probability of reporting experiencing IV. In contrast, having a more abusive coach was associated with up to a 15.4 (95% CI, 13.8-17.1) absolute percentage point increase in athletes’ probability of reporting experiencing IV.Conclusions and RelevanceResults of this survey study suggest that IV is associated with marked changes in the psychosocial health and emotional well-being of college athletes, particularly those who identify as female and with nonheterosexual sexual orientations. Variations in coaching style have the potential to alter these associations. Ongoing efforts are needed to leverage the unique position that coaches hold to help reduce IV and create safe places where all college athletes can thrive.

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“…The actual prevalence of SHA among athletes compared with nonathletes is not known. Solvberg and colleagues (1) from Norway investigated this question by performing a prospective cohort study consisting of two surveys of high school students done 1 year apart. The results of this study were published in the November 2022 issue of Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise ® (MSSE).…”

Section: Sexual Harassment and Abuse Among Young Elite Athletes Recre...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Latest Clinical Research Published by ACSM

Kiningham¹

2022

Curr Sports Med Rep

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A Prospective StudyReports of sexual abuse of athletes have focused attention to the issue of sexual harassment and abuse (SHA) of studentathletes. Several authors have postulated that athletes are at risk of SHA because of the close relationships and power-imbalances that they have with authoritarian figures such as coaches and team physicians. The actual prevalence of SHA among athletes compared with nonathletes is not known. Solvberg and colleagues (1) from Norway investigated this question by performing a prospective cohort study consisting of two surveys of high school students done 1 year apart. The results of this study were published in the November 2022 issue of Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise ® (MSSE).The subjects for the study were Norwegian high school students over the age of 16 years attending one of the 32 elite sport high schools in Norway. Eleven of the elite sport high schools also enrolled "recreational" student-athletes who engaged in sport-specific programs for lower-level athletes. A reference group of students not engaged in athletics from surrounding schools also was surveyed. All subjects completed an online questionnaire administered at the schools during school time approximately 1 year apart. The questionnaire included a printed definition of sexual harassment followed by 13 yes-no questions that covered the full range of SHA, including verbal, nonverbal, and physical abuse. Positive answers to abuse questions were followed by questions as to the perpetrator of the abuse, the setting (in-school, outside of school during a sporting activity, or during free time), and the frequency.A total of 1587 students were invited to participate during the first period (T1) and 1666 students during the second period (T2). A total of 919 students (447 boys, 468 girls, and 4 nonbinary) responded at both periods and were included in the analysis: 482 elite athletes, 233 recreational athletes, and 200 reference students. Nonbinary students were analyzed separately. Average age was 17.1 years.

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Sexual Harassment and Abuse among Young Elite Athletes, Recreational Athletes, and Reference Students: A Prospective Study

Cited by 19 publications

References 45 publications

Effects of inpatient treatment on compulsive exercise in adults with longstanding eating disorders: Secondary analysis from a randomized controlled trial with 12‐month follow‐up

Effects of inpatient treatment on compulsive exercise in adults with longstanding eating disorders: Secondary analysis from a randomized controlled trial with 12‐month follow‐up

Experiences of Interpersonal Violence in Sport and Perceived Coaching Style Among College Athletes

Latest Clinical Research Published by ACSM

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