Sexual Intercourse During Menstruation and Self-Reported Sexually Transmitted Disease History Among Women

Tanfer, Koray; Aral, Sevgi O.

doi:10.1097/00007435-199609000-00009

Cited by 59 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…The findings also showed a common belief, especially among female participants, that people get gonorrhoea through intercourse during menstruation, similar to previous studies from Vietnam [15] and elsewhere [26]. Some studies have also shown that having sex during menses is associated with an increase of RTI symptoms [27] and self-reported STI history [28,29]. Having multiple sexual partners or changing sexual partners, which are important factors related to the spread of STI, were not directly mentioned by any study participants although promiscuity was acknowledged.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Perceptions and attitudes in relation to reproductive tract infections including sexually transmitted infections in rural Vietnam: A qualitative study

Lan¹,

Faxelid²,

Chúc³

et al. 2008

Health Policy

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Perceptions and attitudes in relation to reproductive tract infections including sexually transmitted infections in rural Vietnam: A qualitative study

Lan¹,

Faxelid²,

Chúc³

et al. 2008

Health Policy

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“…Social desirability bias may be the cause of overreported condom use in the study; however, it merits further investigation of other mechanisms that may produce contradictory outcomes (43). We also found that women who engaged in sexual intercourse during menses were less likely to have M. genitalium infection (OR, 0.2; 95% CI, 0.1 to 0.7), in contrast to previous research which found that engaging in sexual intercourse during menses increased the risk of STI, including chlamydia, genital herpes, Trichomonas infection, and syphilis (44). Previous research has shown a relationship between phases of the menstrual cycle and M. genitalium infection; women in the proliferative phase (days 6 to 14) were more likely to have infection, but no women in the menstrual phase (days 1 to 5) in the previous study were infected with M. genitalium (9).…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 75%

Clinical Characteristics Associated with Mycoplasma genitalium among Female Sex Workers in Nairobi, Kenya

et al. 2014

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eThe prevalence of Mycoplasma genitalium is high in vulnerable populations of women in low-resource settings. However, the epidemiology of infection in these populations is not well established. To determine the prevalence of Mycoplasma genitalium and its association with cervical cytology and other correlates, we recruited 350 female sex workers (FSW) who were 18 to 50 years old in Nairobi, Kenya, for a cross-sectional study. A questionnaire was administered at baseline to obtain information on sociodemographics and sexual behaviors. Women underwent a pelvic exam, during which a physician collected cervical-exfoliation samples for conventional cytology and sexually transmitted infection (STI) testing. Samples were tested for M. genitalium Mycoplasma genitalium is an emergent bacterium that is transmitted via sexual activity and has been associated with complications in the female genital tract, including endometritis, tubal-factor infertility, pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), cervicitis, and ectopic pregnancy (1-9). M. genitalium may also increase the risk of HIV transmission and associated shedding (10-13).Vulnerable populations of women in low-resource settings have a higher-than-average susceptibility to sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and subsequent complications of the reproductive tract, including those caused by M. genitalium, Chlamydia trachomatis, and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (14). In the case of female sex workers (FSWs), STI risk is increased due to a greater exposure to unsafe sexual behaviors, such as unprotected sexual intercourse and high numbers of clients/sexual partners (15).The prevalence and associated risk factors for M. genitalium have been investigated both in the general population and among populations at high risk for STIs in sub-Saharan Africa, Asia, the United Kingdom, and the United States (4, 16-23). Across many of these studies, a young age, little education, single marital status, and high numbers of sex partners remained consistently associated with infection (4,9,16,18,21,23,24). Findings are less consistent among the few studies that examined risk factors among FSWs. In the literature, studies have shown similar associations of M. genitalium infection with basic demographic factors, such as education and marital status. However, there is less agreement for sexual-behavioral and clinical correlates, such as condom use, duration of sex work, and history of STIs (16,18,23). Chinese sex workers who did not present STI symptoms in the year prior to the study were more likely to have infection with M. genitalium than those who did (23). In contrast, a study conducted in sub-Saharan Africa found that sex workers who presented clinical symptoms were more likely to have M. genitalium infection than those who were asymptomatic (18).In studies examining concurrent M. genitalium infection with other STIs in the general population, M. genitalium was found to be associated with urethritis, cervicitis, and PID (25-28). However, more-recent research indicates the role of M. genitalium ...

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“…Little has been published on sex during menses as an HIV risk factor, with one study finding an association [38], and two other studies not finding any [39,40]. The evidence for sex during menses and increased STI susceptibility may be stronger [41].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk Factors for HIV Acquisition in a Prospective Nairobi-Based Female Sex Worker Cohort

et al. 2015

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With two million new HIV infections annually, ongoing investigations of risk factors for HIV acquisition is critical to guide ongoing HIV prevention efforts. We conducted a prospective cohort analysis of HIV uninfected female sex workers enrolled at an HIV prevention clinic in Nairobi (n = 1640). In the initially HIV uninfected cohort (70 %), we observed 34 HIV infections during 1514 person-years of follow-up, i.e. an annual incidence of 2.2 % (95 % CI 1.6-3.1 %). In multivariable Cox Proportional Hazard analysis, HIV acquisition was associated with a shorter baseline duration of sex work (aHR 0.76, 95 % CI 0.63-0.91), minimum charge/sex act (aHR 2.74, 0.82-9.15, for low vs. intermediate; aHR 5.70, 1.96-16.59, for high vs. intermediate), N. gonorrhoeae infection (aAHR 5.89, 95 % CI 2.03-17.08), sex with casual clients during menses (aHR 6.19, 95 % CI 2.58-14.84), Depo Provera use (aHR 5.12, 95 % CI 1.98-13.22), and estimated number of annual unprotected regular partner contacts (aHR 1.004, 95 % CI 1.001-1.006). Risk profiling based on baseline predictors suggested that substantial heterogeneity in HIV risk is evident, even within a key population. These data highlight several risk factors for HIV acquisition that could help to re-focus HIV prevention messages.

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Sexual Intercourse During Menstruation and Self-Reported Sexually Transmitted Disease History Among Women

Cited by 59 publications

References 5 publications

Perceptions and attitudes in relation to reproductive tract infections including sexually transmitted infections in rural Vietnam: A qualitative study

Perceptions and attitudes in relation to reproductive tract infections including sexually transmitted infections in rural Vietnam: A qualitative study

Clinical Characteristics Associated with Mycoplasma genitalium among Female Sex Workers in Nairobi, Kenya

Risk Factors for HIV Acquisition in a Prospective Nairobi-Based Female Sex Worker Cohort

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