Sexual Orientation and Gender: Stereotypes and Beyond

Sandfort, Theodorus

doi:10.1007/s10508-005-7907-8

Cited by 45 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 65 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Are bisexuals homosexual? Orientation has been ascertained not always in concordant instances: fantasies, coital-behavior, and non-coital-behavior, attraction, falling in love, oneiric representations, associated personality traits, and others (Remafedi et al, 1992;Traen et al, 2002;Narring et al, 2003;Zucker, 2005;Sandfort, 2005;Lippa, 2005). Is a person with homosexual fantasies, but heterosexual coital-behavior, homosexual, normal or psychotic?…”

Section: Discussion and The New Hypothesis Based On Fetal-maternal Tomentioning

confidence: 99%

Sexual orientation, handedness, sex ratio and fetomaternal tolerance-rejection

Valenzuela

2010

Biol. Res.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Fraternal birth order (FBO) appears as a prenatal cause of 15% of homosexual males (gays) through mnemonic maternal anti-male factors. Non-right-handed men seem to be protected from homosexuality. Four hypotheses are proposed: (1) androgenic factors of nonright-handedness neutralize anti-male factors; (2) non-right-handedness and homosexuality are lethal or produce mental impairment; (3) non-right-handed male embryos are insensitive to anti-male factors; (4) mothers of non-right-handed fetuses do not produce antimale factors. Studies of the sex ratio (SR) of older and younger siblings show: (1) a significant heterogeneity in the SR of siblings of right or non-right handed heterosexual men and women; (2) lesbians are born among siblings with high SR; (3) siblings of righthanded gays show a higher SR than non-right-handed gays that present a low SR. Based on our discovery of maternal tolerancerejection processes, associated with genetic systems (ABO, Rh), where zygotes or embryos different from their mother induce better pregnancy and maternal tolerance than do those that share antigens with their mothers, I propose a new explanation for sexual relationships, sexual orientation, handedness and sibling SR. Lesbian embryos could induce tolerance from mothers with anti-female factors. Non-right-handedness could induce maternal tolerance, or change the maternal compatibility of "gay" embryos. Alternatively, gay embryos could be poor inducers of maternal tolerance towards male traits.Key terms: homosexuality, handedness, sex ratio, birth order, fetomoternal tolerance, genetic distortions biological brothers, reared together or apart from the index homosexual case, are responsible for FBO effect. The probability of being homosexual increases as the number of older brothers increases. Handedness interacts with homosexuality and the SR of siblings; homosexuality, due to FBO, affects non-right-handed men less (Blanchard, 2001(Blanchard, , 2004Blanchard and Bogaert, 1996;Cantor et al., 2002;Bogaert, 2003Bogaert, , 2005Bogaert, , 2006, a relationship explained hypothetically by four prenatal mechanisms Lippa, 2006, 2007;Blanchard, 2008): (1) androgenic factors associated with non-right-handedness could cancel maternal anti-male factors leading to homosexuality; (2) homosexuality and non-right-handedness together may lead to death, neuro-psychic impairment or any condition that confers a low probability of being ascertained; (3) non-right handed fetuses my be insensitive to maternal anti-male factors; (4) mothers of non-right handed fetuses do not produce anti-male factors. The FBO was found also in transsexuals whose sexual identity, rather than their sexual orientation, is altered (Green, 2000). These hypotheses are in contradiction with the fact that non-righthandedness is more frequent in homosexual men (gays) and women (lesbians) than in heterosexuals (Lalumiére et al., 2000; this study). A hypothetical reconciliation of these contradictory facts was presented by Blanchard (2008). The authors (of the FBO hypoth...

show abstract

Section: Discussion and The New Hypothesis Based On Fetal-maternal Tomentioning

confidence: 99%

Sexual orientation, handedness, sex ratio and fetomaternal tolerance-rejection

Valenzuela

2010

Biol. Res.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…LGBT affirmative theorists' reluctance to draw on this work (see Sandford, 2005) may be due to its reliance on medicalizing language when talking about sexual and gender minorities. Drummond et al's study fails to take the lead "in removing the stigma of mental illness that has long been associated with homosexual orientations" (Conger, 1975, p. 633).…”

Section: Drummond Et Al (2008): a Critiquementioning

confidence: 99%

Toward an LGBT-informed paradigm for children who break gender norms: Comment on Drummond et al. (2008) and Rieger et al. (2008).

Hegarty¹

2009

Developmental Psychology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The relationship between sexual orientation and gender role has been established in various studies, suggesting homosexual men to be less masculine or more feminine compared to heterosexual men, while for women the opposite pattern is found (Finlay & Scheltema, 1991;Lippa, 2002;Lippa & Arad, 1997;Pillard, 1991;Sandfort, 2005). If these relationships indeed exist, one would expect homosexual men's coping styles to differ from those of heterosexual men and to resemble heterosexual women's coping styles.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Coping Styles as Mediator of Sexual Orientation-Related Health Differences

et al. 2007

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The higher prevalence of health problems in homosexual compared to heterosexual populations is usually understood as a consequence of minority stress. We hypothesized that differential rates of health problems also could result from sexual orientation-related differences in coping styles. We explored this using data collected in a general population-based study (N = 9684) via face-to-face interviews. A higher prevalence of both mental and physical health problems, as assessed with individual questions, the GHQ-12, and checklists, was observed in homosexual compared to heterosexual men and women. Coping style was related to sexual orientation in men, but not in women. Compared to heterosexual men, homosexual men more strongly applied emotion-oriented and avoidance coping strategies. Emotion-oriented coping mediated the differences in mental and physical health between heterosexual and homosexual men. Findings suggest the importance of further exploration of the development and use of emotionoriented and avoidance coping by homosexual men.

show abstract

Sexual Orientation and Gender: Stereotypes and Beyond

Cited by 45 publications

References 65 publications

Sexual orientation, handedness, sex ratio and fetomaternal tolerance-rejection

Sexual orientation, handedness, sex ratio and fetomaternal tolerance-rejection

Toward an LGBT-informed paradigm for children who break gender norms: Comment on Drummond et al. (2008) and Rieger et al. (2008).

Coping Styles as Mediator of Sexual Orientation-Related Health Differences

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About