Sexual reproduction of Lolium perenne L. and Trifolium repens L. under free air CO2 enrichment (FACE) at two levels of nitrogen application

Wagner, Johanna; Lúscher, A.; Hillebrand, C.; Spitaler, Nikolaus; Larcher, Walter

doi:10.1046/j.1365-3040.2001.00740.x

Cited by 35 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…In contrast to crop research, elevated CO 2 studies focusing on non-crop species reveal few generalizations. Budburst is delayed in poplar (22) and spruce (23), and flowering is accelerated in clover (24). Forbs can be either accelerated or delayed (25)(26)(27)(28), but most studies have found no significant effects of elevated CO 2 on phenology (29)(30)(31)(32)(33)(34).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diverse responses of phenology to global changes in a grassland ecosystem

Cleland

Chiariello²,

Loarie

et al. 2006

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

429

349

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Shifting plant phenology (i.e., timing of flowering and other developmental events) in recent decades establishes that species and ecosystems are already responding to global environmental change. Earlier flowering and an extended period of active plant growth across much of the northern hemisphere have been interpreted as responses to warming. However, several kinds of environmental change have the potential to influence the phenology of flowering and primary production. Here, we report shifts in phenology of flowering and canopy greenness (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) in response to four experimentally simulated global changes: warming, elevated CO 2, nitrogen (N) deposition, and increased precipitation. Consistent with previous observations, warming accelerated both flowering and greening of the canopy, but phenological responses to the other global change treatments were diverse. Elevated CO 2 and N addition delayed flowering in grasses, but slightly accelerated flowering in forbs. The opposing responses of these two important functional groups decreased their phenological complementarity and potentially increased competition for limiting soil resources. At the ecosystem level, timing of canopy greenness mirrored the flowering phenology of the grasses, which dominate primary production in this system. Elevated CO 2 delayed greening, whereas N addition dampened the acceleration of greening caused by warming. Increased precipitation had no consistent impacts on phenology. This diversity of phenological changes, between plant functional groups and in response to multiple environmental changes, helps explain the diversity in large-scale observations and indicates that changing temperature is only one of several factors reshaping the seasonality of ecosystem processes.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diverse responses of phenology to global changes in a grassland ecosystem

Cleland

Chiariello²,

Loarie

et al. 2006

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

429

349

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“…In white clover (Trifolium repens L.), increasing CO 2 concentration has been reported to increase flower numbers [28][29][30] and seeds per flower but not seed mass or seed yield [30]. In perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), elevated CO 2 decreased the time to ear emergence in one cultivar but increased the time to ear emergence by up to 10 days in four cultivars [31].…”

Section: Seed Yield: Temperate Pasture Speciesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), elevated CO 2 decreased the time to ear emergence in one cultivar but increased the time to ear emergence by up to 10 days in four cultivars [31]. It also increased seed head numbers in a pasture sward, but not seeds per spikelet, seed mass [29], and seed yield [30]. While there are no reports on other pasture species managed for seed production, there have been a number of reports of seed increases for rangeland Bromus spp.…”

Section: Seed Yield: Temperate Pasture Speciesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Climate Change: Seed Production and Options for Adaptation

et al. 2016

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Food security depends on seed security and the international seed industry must be able to continue to deliver the quantities of quality seed required for this purpose. Abiotic stress resulting from climate change, particularly elevated temperature and water stress, will reduce seed yield and quality. Options for the seed industry to adapt to climate change include moving sites for seed production, changing sowing date, and the development of cultivars with traits which allow them to adapt to climate change conditions. However, the ability of seed growers to make these changes is directly linked to the seed system. In the formal seed system operating in developed countries, implementation will be reasonably straight forward. In the informal system operating in developing countries, the current seed production challenges including supply failing to meet demand and poor seed quality will increase with changing climates.

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“…As the LAR increased, the relative response to elevated [CO 2 ] significantly decreased. (Billings and Billings 1983;Farnsworth and Bazzaz 1995;Fischer et al 1997) or no response (Farnsworth and Bazzaz 1995;Huxman et al 1999;Grünzweig and Körner 2000;Wagner et al 2001) to growth in elevated [CO 2 ]. In contrast, vegetative growth in C 3 plants typically increases as the growth [CO 2 ] increases (Curtis and Wang 1998;Norby et al 1999;Poorter and PØrez-Soba 2001).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Age at flowering may also be affected by elevated [CO 2 ], which has been shown to accelerate the onset of flowering and other reproductive events in long-day and daylength-neutral plants (Reekie et al 1994;Rusterholz and Erhardt 1998;LaDeau and Clark 2001;Wagner et al 2001). As a result, effects of age at flowering on responses to elevated [CO 2 ] may be confounded in many species by direct effects of elevated [CO 2 ] on ontogeny (Bazzaz et al 1993;Coleman et al 1994;Loehle 1995).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Age at flowering differentially affects vegetative and reproductive responses of a determinate annual plant to elevated carbon dioxide

2003

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Plant population and community dynamics may be altered by increasing atmospheric CO(2) concentrations [[CO(2)]] through intraspecific variation in the responses of vegetative and reproductive growth. Although these responses may be regulated by age at flowering, little is known about the direct effects of age at flowering on growth responses to elevated [CO(2)]. In this study, we examined the interactive effects of elevated [CO(2)] and age at flowering on absolute and relative allocation to vegetative and reproductive growth in the determinate, short-day species Xanthium strumarium L. (common cocklebur). Six cohorts were planted at 5-day intervals in chambers maintained at either 365 or 730 micro mol mol(-1) CO(2), with an 18-h photoperiod and a non-limiting nutrient supply. All plants were simultaneously induced to flower by switching the photoperiod to 12 h for 2 days, then switching back to an 18-h photoperiod for the remainder of the experiment. All plants were harvested 15 days after the onset of flowering. Total plant biomass increased 11-41% with increasing [CO(2)] and 45% from the youngest to the oldest cohort. Vegetative growth responses to elevated [CO(2)] significantly increased with increasing age at flowering, associated with increasing sink relative to source capacity. In contrast, total fruit mass decreased 32% from the youngest to the oldest cohort and was not significantly affected by CO(2) supply. Relative biomass allocation to fruit decreased 47% from the youngest to the oldest cohort, reflecting decreased numbers of fruit, and 6-28% with increasing [CO(2)], reflecting decreased mean mass per mature fruit. Our findings suggest that elevated [CO(2)] may increase vegetative growth in Xanthium without increasing reproductive biomass, and that age at flowering may influence these responses through effects on source:sink balance. Further, changes in the allometric relationship between vegetative and reproductive growth associated with growth in elevated [CO(2)] suggest that long-term population and community-level responses to elevated [CO(2)] may differ substantially from predictions based on vegetative responses.

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Sexual reproduction of Lolium perenne L. and Trifolium repens L. under free air CO₂ enrichment (FACE) at two levels of nitrogen application

Cited by 35 publications

References 48 publications

Diverse responses of phenology to global changes in a grassland ecosystem

Diverse responses of phenology to global changes in a grassland ecosystem

Climate Change: Seed Production and Options for Adaptation

Age at flowering differentially affects vegetative and reproductive responses of a determinate annual plant to elevated carbon dioxide

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