Sexual trafficking of women

Abstract

Poverty and reduced status place women at increased risk in the world of sexual trafficking, a nether-land of fear, violence, and emotional and physical degradation. Forced into prostitution under a variety of circumstances, many young women are trapped in their own and other countries and face threats of violence or death if they try to escape (

Female Sex Trafficking: Conceptual Issues, Current Debates, and Future Directions

“…Given that most women eventually return to their country of origin, the next steps in the (re)integration process are economic independence and resocialization (Brunovskis & Surtees, 2012a;McIntyre, 2014;Pandey, Tewari, & Bhowmick, 2013;Van Hook, Gjermeni, & Haxhiymeri, 2006). Often, women are offered a variety of vocational training courses and provided with assistance in seeking and obtaining employment (Bjerkan, 2005).…”

“…Unfortunately, training programs have not always been found to be helpful, as some are poorly aligned with current job market demands (Jayagupta, 2009;Pandey et al, 2013) and others have been found to be severely gendered (Kelly, 2003). Additional methods offering potential independence and economic viability that have been reported include micro credit and social businesses (Surtees, 2012;Van Hook et al, 2006). Recognizing the importance of economic independence, calls have been made for greater emphasis on providing financial compensation to victims for the time they spent in a trafficking situation (Kim & Hreshchyshyn, 2004).…”

The Aftermath of Human Trafficking: Exploring the Albanian Victims’ Return, Rehabilitation, and Reintegration Challenges

“…International Organization for Migration [IOM], 2015;GRETA, 2016;Vatra, 2017;Home Office, 2018). Within a handful of articles and book chapters published about Albanian human trafficking, the focus has predominately been on structured networks (Leman & Janssens, 2006), patterns of recruitment (Gjermeni et al, 2008b), and factors that influenced the increase in trafficking following the collapse of communism during the 1990s (Hysi, 2007;Van Hook et al, 2006). To date, no studies have investigated the return and reintegration process of trafficking victims to Albania (Ministria e Brendshme, 2016b).…”

Life after trafficking

“…Given that most women eventually return to their country of origin, the next steps in the (re)integration process are economic independence and resocialisation (Brunovskis & Surtees, 2012b;Van Hook et al, 2006;McIntyre, 2014;Pandey, Tewari, & Bhowmick, 2013). Often, women are offered a variety of vocational training courses and provided with assistance in seeking and obtaining employment (Bjerkan, 2005).…”

“…Unfortunately, training programs have not always been found to be helpful as some are poorly aligned with current job market demands (Jayagupta, 2009;Pandey et al, 2013) and others have been found to be severely gendered (Kelly, 2003). Additional methods offering potential independence and economic viability include micro credit and social businesses (Van Hook et al, 2006;Surtees, 2012). Recognising the importance of economic independence, calls have been made for greater emphasis on providing financial compensation to victims for the time they spent in a trafficking situation (Kim & Hreshchyshyn, 2004).…”