Sexual transmission of giardiasis: A neglected route of spread?

Escobedo, Ángel A.; Almirall, Pedro; Alfonso, Maydel; Cimerman, Sérgio; Chacín-Bonilla, Leonor

doi:10.1016/j.actatropica.2013.12.025

Cited by 45 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…Currently, there exist a large body of publications that have led to improving our understanding of giardiasis as a sexually transmited infection. According to these studies, prevalence rates of giardiasis among men who have sex with men range from 2 to 30% [61]. Although giardiasis is not a major cause of AIDS-associated diarrhea, the prevalence of giardiasis, as well as the chronicity of symptoms, is greater in patients with AIDS, especially in developing countries [62].…”

Section: Giardiasis Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Giardiasis Epidemiology

Quispe¹

2017

Current Topics in Giardiasis

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Giardiasis is the intestinal infection caused by Giardia lamblia, in which pathogenicity was cast doubted for decades but now is recognized as one of the most common causes of diarrheal disease worldwide. Originally described as waterborne transmited, it has been broad described as of fecal-oral, person-to-person contact, and sexual transmission also. Although it is recognized as endemic throughout the world, most cases are reported from tropical countries with regular outbreaks commonly reported from developed countries. In humans, giardiasis normally produces a self-limited infection without symptoms, but some patients may present intestinal symptoms such as diarrhea and abdominal pain, and few show symptoms long after parasites clear up. Upon diagnosis, we may choose among several efective treatment alternatives, but not every patient responds to such therapies. Hence, having speciic knowledge about the epidemiology of Giardia, it is critical for its prevention, which is the best strategy to protect us against such important disease.

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Section: Giardiasis Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Giardiasis Epidemiology

Quispe¹

2017

Current Topics in Giardiasis

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“…Consequently, ingestion of water or food that contains small levels of contamination can result in the disease, which is more recurrent in summer and fall. Other usual ways to transmit them could be among day care center atendees and people who live in residential institutions, and it could also spread by means of sexual activity, by oral-anal contact [1,5,11,12].…”

Section: Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some epidemiological studies have shown that its prevalence varies between the population studied and the location, from 2 to 5% on industrialized countries to 20-30% in developing countries [1,5,11], and these changes in prevalence are associated, among others, with the hygiene infrastructure and the impact of the weather conditions, reason why environmental control eforts are necessary, which requires an integrated and systematic approach to decrease and mitigate the inluence on the disease epidemiology; for this reason, it is linked to educational programs and other interventional measures [2,6,12].…”

Section: Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Giardia intestinal is a lagellated protozoon (also known as G. lamblia or G. duodenalis) and is a tiny and ubiquitous intestinal and/or biliary parasite, which afects mammals, such as humans, pets, and livestock by inhabiting the upper part of the small intestine [4][5][6]. Frequently, this parasite contaminates water sources worldwide especially in temperate and tropical locations where sanitary conditions are suboptimal; for this reason, giardiasis is the commonest parasitic infection of the gastrointestinal tract, the most important responsible for outbreaks of diarrhea and sporadic endemic disease [7,8].…”

Section: Overview and General Aspects Of Giardiasismentioning

confidence: 99%

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Introductory Chapter: Giardiasis - Still a Globally Relevant Protozoan and Zoonotic Disease

Rodríguez‐Morales¹,

Trujillo²,

Sánchez‐Duque³

et al. 2017

Current Topics in Giardiasis

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“…Fecal-oral route through hands or fomites is another source of infection. However, Giardia could also be transmitted by oral-anal sexual contact [6]. The preliminary diagnosis of giardiasis is to large extent depend on meticulous history of the illness.…”

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confidence: 99%

The Hidden Scene behind the High Prevalence of Giardiasis and Other Infectious Diseases in Certain Developing Countries

Mousa¹

2014

J Infect Dis Ther

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EditorialGiardiasis is the most common waterborne parasitic infection of the human intestine worldwide. The etiological agent, Giardia duodenalis (syn. G. intestinalis, G. lamblia), is a flagellated, binucleated protozoan parasite which infects a wide range of mammalians [1]. Approximately 280 million people worldwide suffering from symptomatic Giardia infection every year [2]. Giardia is a major cause of acute and chronic diarrhea with a prevalence range from 2% to 5% in developed countries [3] and from 10% to 50% in developing countries [4].A WHO report revealed that poor water quality continues to create a major threat to human health whereas diarrhoeal disease is responsible for the deaths of 1.8 million people every year. It was estimated that 88% of that burden is attributable to unsafe water supply, sanitation and hygiene and is mostly intensified on children in developing countries [5].Ingestion of contaminated food or water with Giardia cysts is the most common mode of transmission. Fecal-oral route through hands or fomites is another source of infection. However, Giardia could also be transmitted by oral-anal sexual contact [6]. The preliminary diagnosis of giardiasis is to large extent depend on meticulous history of the illness. Other helpful diagnostic tool is the knowledge about endemic areas with giardiasis where it is more common in developing countries with unhygienic water supply. The most significant issue about municipal water supply in some countries is leakage in pipes with low water pressure or flow rate. The sewage waste water pipes and municipal water supplies pipes are usually designed to be run nearly side by side because of the limited space in the sidewalk where the pipes are usually installed. Predominantly there is no continuous positive pressure within the municipal water supplies pipes because of interrupted or weak water flow. In case of water interruption, negative pressure within municipal water pipes is inevitable as a result of huge number of electrical water pumps activity. These pumps are used by most households during water flow slowness or interruption. On the contrary, the sewage waste water pipes are almost always overloaded as a result of blockage or overproduction. This will lead to entrance of sewage into municipal water pipes from which people use water for drinking, vegetables or fruits washing, dishes washing, and cooking. This might be the main source of giardiasis, amoebic dysentery, bacillary dysentery, typhoid fever, cholera, rotavirus gastroenteritis in children, viral hepatitis A, poliovirus, and many other waterborne infectious diseases. Consequently, a higher prevalence rate of infectious diseases in these countries in comparison with developed ones or countries with hygienic water supply. The preventive measure about this dilemma is obvious and straightforward which is performed by continuous high positive pressure within municipal water supply pipes. In countries with high rate of waterborne infections, they used to overcome the problem by dissolution a ...

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Sexual transmission of giardiasis: A neglected route of spread?

Cited by 45 publications

References 54 publications

Giardiasis Epidemiology

Giardiasis Epidemiology

Introductory Chapter: Giardiasis - Still a Globally Relevant Protozoan and Zoonotic Disease

The Hidden Scene behind the High Prevalence of Giardiasis and Other Infectious Diseases in Certain Developing Countries

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