Sexually acquired Zika virus: a systematic review

Moreira, José; Peixoto, Thais Moreira; Siqueira, André Machado; Lamas, Cristiane da Cruz

doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2016.12.027

Cited by 225 publications

(224 citation statements)

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“…Our study carries important consequences for the ongoing ZIKV epidemic and stresses the large knowledge gap in the sexual transmission of ZIKV (25). The aim of our work is to present the epidemiological consequences of possible sustained sexual transmission.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The aim of our work is to present the epidemiological consequences of possible sustained sexual transmission. While there are many unknowns, recent work shows (i) multiple anecdotal cases of sexual transmission of ZIKV in humans (25,(29)(30)(31), (ii) multiple separate animal models showing sexual transmission (32)(33)(34), (iii) strong asymmetries between durations of ZIKV shedding in semen and vaginal secretions (20,21), and (iv) differential risk between sexes for ZIKV infection in sexually active populations. Indeed, recent work has identified 90% more ZIKV infections in women between Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, with travelers moving to and from endemic regions, the potential of ZIKV as an emerging sexually transmitted infection (STI) in regions without the mosquito vector remains to be fully assessed. Indeed, with only few reported cases of sexual transmission of ZIKV-including male to male, male to female, and female to male (18)-the scientific community still struggles to reach a consensus on the impact of sexual transmission of ZIKV (24,25). It is, therefore, imperative to investigate the extent to which canonical knowledge about emerging infectious diseases applies to the threat assessment of ZIKV as an STI.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Asymmetric percolation drives a double transition in sexual contact networks

Allard

Althouse

Scarpino

2017

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Zika virus (ZIKV) exhibits unique transmission dynamics in that itis concurrently spread by a mosquito vector and through sexual contact. Due to the highly asymmetric durations of infectiousness between males and females-it is estimated that males are infectious for periods up to 10 times longer than females-we show that this sexual component of ZIKV transmission behaves akin to an asymmetric percolation process on the network of sexual contacts. We exactly solve the properties of this asymmetric percolation on random sexual contact networks and show that this process exhibits two epidemic transitions corresponding to a core-periphery structure. This structure is not present in the underlying contact networks, which are not distinguishable from random networks, and emerges because of the asymmetric percolation. We provide an exact analytical description of this double transition and discuss the implications of our results in the context of ZIKV epidemics. Most importantly, our study suggests a bias in our current ZIKV surveillance, because the community most at risk is also one of the least likely to get tested.A bstract modeling of epidemics on networks remains an active field, because some of the most basic features of epidemics are still misunderstood. The classic model is quite simple (1): disease spreads stochastically with a fixed transmission probability, T , through contacts around a given patient zero. The outbreak dies quickly if T is too small but spreads to a macroscopic fraction S of the entire population if T is larger than a threshold Tc. At Tc, most of the typical insights from phase transition theory are valuable. For instance, the sizes of microscopic outbreaks follow a power law distribution, such that the expected size of microscopic outbreaks, s , indicates the position of a phase transition. Indeed, as T increases, s monotonically increases, diverges exactly at Tc, and then monotonically goes down; meanwhile, the expected macroscopic epidemic size, S , starts increasing monotonically at Tc.However, simple modifications to this model can dramatically alter its phenomenology. The epidemic threshold can vanish in networks with a scale-free degree distribution (2) or in growing networks (3). The phase transition can be discontinuous in the case of complex contagions with threshold exposition or reinforcement (4), interacting epidemics (5, 6), or adaptive networks (7-9). Recently, a unique phenomenon of double-phase transitions has also been observed numerically when networks have a very heterogeneous and clustered structure (10, 11).The current Zika virus (ZIKV) epidemic exhibits two unique properties. First, while the main transmission pathway for ZIKV is through a mosquito vector [predominantly Aedes aegypti or Aedes albopictus (13, 14)], a feature which has its own type of well-studied model and behavior (14-16), it can also spread through sexual contacts (17, 18). Second, the probability of sexual transmission is highly asymmetric between males and females. Although this is also true for ot...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Asymmetric percolation drives a double transition in sexual contact networks

Allard

Althouse

Scarpino

2017

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…the mosquito vectors Aedes spp., but sexual transmission of ZIKV has also been reported (1). Infection of humans is usually asymptomatic or limited to flu-like symptoms (2).…”

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confidence: 99%

Zika Virus Hijacks Stress Granule Proteins and Modulates the Host Stress Response

Hou

Kumar

et al. 2017

J Virol

114

132

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Zika virus (ZIKV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, has recently emerged as an important human pathogen with increasing economic and health impact worldwide. Because of its teratogenic nature and association with the serious neurological condition Guillain-Barré syndrome, a tremendous amount of effort has focused on understanding ZIKV pathogenesis. To gain further insights into ZIKV interaction with host cells, we investigated how this pathogen affects stress response pathways. While ZIKV infection induces stress signaling that leads to phosphorylation of eIF2␣ and cellular translational arrest, stress granule (SG) formation was inhibited. Further analysis revealed that the viral proteins NS3 and NS4A are linked to translational repression, whereas expression of the capsid protein, NS3/NS2B-3, and NS4A interfered with SG formation. Some, but not all, flavivirus capsid proteins also blocked SG assembly, indicating differential interactions between flaviviruses and SG biogenesis pathways. Depletion of the SG components G3BP1, TIAR, and Caprin-1, but not TIA-1, reduced ZIKV replication. Both G3BP1 and Caprin-1 formed complexes with capsid, whereas viral genomic RNA stably interacted with G3BP1 during ZIKV infection. Taken together, these results are consistent with a scenario in which ZIKV uses multiple viral components to hijack key SG proteins to benefit viral replication.IMPORTANCE There is a pressing need to understand ZIKV pathogenesis in order to advance the development of vaccines and therapeutics. The cellular stress response constitutes one of the first lines of defense against viral infection; therefore, understanding how ZIKV evades this antiviral system will provide key insights into ZIKV biology and potentially pathogenesis. Here, we show that ZIKV induces the stress response through activation of the UPR (unfolded protein response) and PKR (protein kinase R), leading to host translational arrest, a process likely mediated by the viral proteins NS3 and NS4A. Despite the activation of translational shutoff, formation of SG is strongly inhibited by the virus. Specifically, ZIKV hijacks the core SG proteins G3BP1, TIAR, and Caprin-1 to facilitate viral replication, resulting in impaired SG assembly. This process is potentially facilitated by the interactions of the viral RNA with G3BP1 as well as the viral capsid protein with G3BP1 and Caprin-1. Interestingly, expression of capsid proteins from several other flaviviruses also inhibited SG formation. Taken together, the present study provides novel insights into how ZIKV modulates cellular stress response pathways during replication.

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“…However, sexual transmission between humans is another potential form of infection (Moreira et al, 2017). In 2015, ZIKV was shown to be associated with microcephaly and birth defects in children exposed in utero following infection of mothers during their pregnancy in Brazil (Zanluca et al, 2015;Calvet et al, 2016;Mlakar et al, 2016).…”

Section: Zika Virus Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Harmonisation of Regulatory Oversight in Biotechnology

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This work is published under the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD. The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of OECD member countries.This document, as well as any data and any map included herein, are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area.Please cite this publication as: OECD (2018) The statistical data for Israel are supplied by and under the responsibility of the relevant Israeli authorities. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law.Photo credits: Cover © Maks Ershov.Corrigenda to OECD publications may be found on line at: www.oecd.org/about/publishing/corrigenda.htm. © OECD 2018You can copy, download or print OECD content for your own use, and you can include excerpts from OECD publications, databases and multimedia products in your own documents, presentations, blogs, websites and teaching materials, provided that suitable acknowledgment of the source and copyright owner(s) is given. All requests for public or commercial use and translation rights should be submitted to rights@oecd.org. Requests for permission to photocopy portions of this material for public or commercial use shall be addressed directly to the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) at info@copyright.com or the Centre francais d'exploitation du droit de copie (CFC) at contact@cfcopies.com. FOREWORD │ 3SAFETY ASSESSMENTOF TRANSGENIC ORGANISMSIN THE ENVIRONMENT, VOLUME 8 © OECD 2018 ForewordModern biotechnologies are applied to plants species (crops, flowers, trees), animals and micro-organisms. The safety of the resulting transgenic organisms when released in the environment for their use in agriculture, forestry, the food and feed industry or for other applications represents a challenging issue. Genetically engineered products are rigorously assessed by their developers during their elaboration, and by governments when ready for release, to ensure high safety standards. This remains essential with new biotechnology developments using insects to fight against disease outbreaks: engineered mosquitoes need to be evaluated through a scientifically sound approach to risk/safety assessment that will inform biosafety regulators and support the decision concerning the release of these novel organisms in the environment.The OECD offers a long-standing recognised expertise in biosafety and contributes to facilitating an harmonised approach. The OECD's Working Group on Harmonisation of Regulatory Oversight in Biotechnology (WG-HROB) was established in 1995. The WG-HROB gathers national authorities responsible for the environmental risk/safety assessment of products of modern biotechnology in OECD countries and other economies. International organisations and experts involved in biosafety activities are a...

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Sexually acquired Zika virus: a systematic review

Abstract: ZIKV is potentially sexually transmitted and persists in male genital secretions for a prolonged period after symptom onset. PROSPERO systematic review registration number CRD42016041475.

Cited by 225 publications

References 45 publications

Asymmetric percolation drives a double transition in sexual contact networks

Asymmetric percolation drives a double transition in sexual contact networks

Zika Virus Hijacks Stress Granule Proteins and Modulates the Host Stress Response

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