Sexually transmitted rectal infections in a cohort of ‘men having sex with men’

Foschi, Claudio; Gaspari, Valeria; Sgubbi, Paola; Salvo, Melissa; D’Antuono, Antonietta; Marangoni, Antonella

doi:10.1099/jmm.0.000781

Cited by 33 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…Other interesting data emerged from the comparison between the two chlamydial serovars: cells infected by chlamydial L2 serovar displayed a higher activation of effector caspases compared to cells infected with serovar D. This aspect could be potentially ascribed to a different and serovar-specific activation of apoptotic pathways. Moreover, this phenomenon could explain one of the reasons of the greater virulence and pathogenic capacity displayed by chlamydial L serovars during genital and extra-genital infections [4, 31]. In agreement with these data we also found that globally L serovar showed a higher lethal effect than D serovar at least in Caco-2 and HeLa cells.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…Notably, CT can be found also at extra-genital sites, as pharyngeal and rectal mucosa, especially in women and ‘men having sex with men’ (MSM) [3]. Specific distinct CT serovars (L1-L3) are associated with lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV), emerging in Europe and North America as a leading cause of proctitis and proctocolitis in MSM, in particular in HIV-positive patients [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Survival and death of intestinal cells infected by Chlamydia trachomatis

et al. 2019

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The sexually transmitted pathogen Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) is able to replicate and survive in human intestinal epithelial cells, being the gastro-intestinal tract a suitable site of residence for this microorganism. In this context, no detailed information about the mechanisms of cell death in intestinal cell lines after a chlamydial infection is available. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of two different CT serovars (D and L2) on the survival/death of different intestinal cell lines (Caco-2 and COLO-205), using endocervical cells (HeLa) as a reference model of genital infection. Seventy two hours after chlamydial infection at different multiplicity of infection (MOI) levels, the viability of HeLa, Caco-2 and COLO 205 cells was evaluated through dose-response experiments by means of a MTS-based assay. To get deeper insights in the mechanisms of cell death induced by CT, cell viability was assessed in presence of different inhibitors (i.e. pan-caspase inhibitor Z-VAD, necroptosis inhibitor Necrostatin-1, hydrogen peroxide scavenger catalase, caspase-1 inhibitor Ac-YVAD-cmk). Moreover, the activation of effector caspases and the presence of cellular apoptotic/necrotic changes were evaluated at different time points after CT infection. Our results demonstrated that, for both chlamydial serovars, intestinal cell lines are more resistant to CT-induced cell death compared to HeLa, thus representing a suitable ‘niche’ for chlamydial residence and replication. In literature, apoptosis has been widely described to be the main cell death mechanism elicited by chlamydia infection. However, our data demonstrate that necroptosis plays a relevant role, proceeding in parallel with apoptosis. The protective effect of catalase suggests the involvement of oxidative stress in triggering both cell death pathways. Moreover, we demonstrated that caspase-1 is involved in CT-induced cell death, potentially contributing to host inflammatory response and tissue damage. Cells infected by L2 serovar displayed a higher activation of effector caspases compared to cells infected with serovar D, suggesting a serovar-specific activation of apoptotic pathways and potentially explaining the greater virulence of L serovars. Finally, we found that Chlamydia elicits the early externalization of phosphatidylserine on the external leaflet of plasma membrane independently of caspase activation.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Survival and death of intestinal cells infected by Chlamydia trachomatis

et al. 2019

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“…In particular, we found that rectal infection with Mg was 15.3%, almost three times higher than rates reported from Shenzhen (5.4%) in 2014 [17], Italy (4.8%) [20] and Australia (8.9%) [18]. The prevalence of rectal Mg in HIV-positive MSM in this study was 4.8 times that reported in the US (30.6% vs. 6.4%) [21].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 54%

Mycoplasma Genitalium and Mycoplasma Hominis are prevalent and correlated with HIV risk in MSM: a cross-sectional study in Shenyang, China

Zhao

Gao

et al. 2019

BMC Infect Dis

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Background A high proportion of men who have sex with men (MSM) use geosocial networking apps (Apps) to seek partners. However, the relationship of app use with HIV risk is unknown. Further, the risks of some sexually transmitted infection (STIs), including Mycoplasma genitalium, have seldom been studied among MSM. Methods MSM were enrolled at a community-based HIV testing site in Shenyang, China. After completing a questionnaire survey, we collected rectal swabs and venous blood specimens. We then simultaneously tested for ten STIs (Chlamydia trachomatis [CT], Neisseria gonorrhea [NG], Ureaplasma urealyticum [Uu], Ureaplasma parvum species [Up1, Up3, Up6, Up14), Mycoplasma hominis [Mh], Mycoplasma genitalium [Mg], and Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 (HSV-2) using multiple PCR. We also performed blood tests for HIV, Syphilis, Hepatitis C antibody (HCV-Ab), Hepatitis B Surface Antigen (HBsAg), and Hepatitis A-IgM (HAV-IgM), etc. Results One hundred and eighty-three MSM participated in this study, of which 51.4% reported seeking partners through apps in the past year. The prevalence of HIV was 19.7%, Syphilis 12.0%, HAV 1.1%, rectal Mg 15.3% and Mh 7.1%. Multivariable logistic regression showed that HIV infection was independently correlated with app-using behavior (adjusted odds ratio[aOR] = 2.6), Mg infection (aOR = 3.2), Mh infection (aOR = 4.1) and Syphilis infection (aOR = 3.1) (each P < 0.05). Conclusions App use, Mg, Mh and Syphilis infection were correlated with higher HIV Risk in MSM. Geosocial networking apps should be utilized for HIV interventions targeting MSM. There is a need for more expansive STIs screening, particularly for Mg, Mh and Syphilis in MSM.

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“…In this study, it was useful to calculate comparable mean read depths and the number of downselected read pairs among the spiked samples of L2b, as this demonstrates success in enrichment for LGV strains as they have become prevalent among MSM 23,25,27,28 . Phylogenetic analysis of the 94 reference genomes (of which 85 genomes were used to develop the RNA bait library) showed genome representation from all four C. trachomatis lineages (Figure 3).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Further, a number of studies have shown that rectal infections outnumber those in the urogenital tract of women and are on the increase among MSM [23][24][25][26][27][28] . Although common, rectal C. trachomatis transmission and its impact on morbidity is not well understood, likely due to the lack of routine screening of populations other than MSM 1,22,29 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Whole-Genome Enrichment and Sequencing ofChlamydia trachomatisDirectly from Patient Clinical Vaginal and Rectal Swabs

Bowden

Joseph

Cartee

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Chlamydia trachomatis is the most prevalent cause of bacterial sexually transmitted infections (STIs) worldwide. U.S. cases have been steadily increasing for more than a decade in both the urogenital tract and rectum. C. trachomatis is an obligate intracellular bacterium that is not easily cultured, limiting the capacity for genome studies to understand strain diversity and emergence among various patient populations globally. While Agilent SureSelectXT target-enrichment RNA bait libraries have been developed for whole-genome enrichment and sequencing of C. trachomatis directly from clinical urine, vaginal, conjunctival and rectal samples, efficiencies are only 60-80% for >95-100% genome coverage. We therefore re-designed and expanded the RNA bait library to augment enrichment of the organism from clinical samples to improve efficiency. We describe the expanded library, the limit of detection for C. trachomatis genome copy input, and the 100% efficiency and high-resolution of generated genomes where genomic recombination among paired vaginal and rectal specimens from four patients was identified. This workflow provides a robust approach for discerning genomic diversity and advancing our understanding of the molecular epidemiology of contemporary C. trachomatis STIs across sample types, among geographic populations, sexual networks, and outbreaks associated with proctitis/proctocolitis among women and men who have sex with men.

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Sexually transmitted rectal infections in a cohort of ‘men having sex with men’

Abstract: Sexually transmitted rectal infections are frequent and often asymptomatic among MSM. LGV prevalence is high in our country and there is increasing evidence of symptomless cases.

Cited by 33 publications

References 38 publications

Survival and death of intestinal cells infected by Chlamydia trachomatis

Survival and death of intestinal cells infected by Chlamydia trachomatis

Mycoplasma Genitalium and Mycoplasma Hominis are prevalent and correlated with HIV risk in MSM: a cross-sectional study in Shenyang, China

Whole-Genome Enrichment and Sequencing ofChlamydia trachomatisDirectly from Patient Clinical Vaginal and Rectal Swabs

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