SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering

Hurley, Morgan J.; Gottuk, Daniel T.; Hall, John R.; Harada, Kazunori; Kuligowski, Erica D.; Puchovsky, Milosh; Torero, José L.; Watts, JJohn M.; Wieczorek, Christopher J.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-2565-0

Cited by 678 publications

(93 citation statements)

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“…Calculating compartment fire pressure requires knowledge of the gas temperature development and leakage flows [7]. This usually requires numerical integration as the leakage flows depend on pressure.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fire-induced pressure and smoke spreading in mechanically ventilated buildings with air-tight envelopes

Hostikka

Janardhan

Riaz

et al. 2017

Fire Safety Journal

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Fire-induced pressures have not been considered dangerous in building fires, but the situation may be changing as building envelopes become increasingly air-tight. In this study, we investigate whether this can change the fire development and pose new risks for structural and evacuation safety. We used experiments to validate the numerical models, and models for simulating the fire development in buildings with different airtightness levels. The simulations considered air permeability values typical for traditional, modern and Near-Zero buildings. Three different smoke damper configurations were studied, and the fire growth rates were varied from medium to ultra-fast. The results showed that transitioning from traditional and modern buildings to Near-Zero buildings can sufficiently increase the peak overpressures from fast-growing fires to cause structural damage. Conditions were identified for avoiding excessively high overpressures, while preventing smoke from spreading through the ventilation system.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fire-induced pressure and smoke spreading in mechanically ventilated buildings with air-tight envelopes

Hostikka

Janardhan

Riaz

et al. 2017

Fire Safety Journal

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“…Thermal expansion of gas during a fire will result in increased pressure if the fire takes place in a relatively closed compartment [1]. The phenomenon has received only little attention in the history of fire science because most studies have been performed in enclosures with large opening to ambient.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experiments and Numerical Simulations of Pressure Effects in Apartment Fires

Janardhan

Hostikka

2016

Fire Technol

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Abstract. The fire induced pressure and its influence on ventilation flows within a compartment have not been studied in detail previously. In this research work, we have investigated the development of gas pressure and the resulting flows in compartment fires first experimentally, by burning a series of heptane pool and polyurethane mattress fires inside a real, 58.6 m 2 by 2.57 m high, apartment and then by carrying out numerical simulations of the experiments with the FDS code. The experiments were conducted with three different ventilation duct configurations to simulate three different airtightness conditions. The peak heat release rates were less than 1 MW and the burning times were about 180 s. The experimental results indicate that the gas pressure in relatively closed apartment can become high enough to revert the flows of the ventilation system, prevent escape through inwards-opening doors, and even break some structures. The peak gas temperatures under the ceiling of the burn room were about 300°C. The pool fires remained well-ventilated. The pressure ranges encountered in the experiments were between 100 Pa to 1650 Pa and the pressure occured within 50 s of ignition. We also report the FDS validation for this type of simulations and discuss the process of modelling the ventilation system and leakages.

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“…The results of the online survey indicate that the sample, made of 234 respondents from 41 countries, is aware of a total of 72 computer pedestrian evacuation models. However, only 15 of these models are known by at least 10% of the sample: Pathfinder [17], FDS+Evac [18], STEPS [19], Exodus [20], Simulex [21], MassMotion [22], Legion [23], VISSIM/Viswalk [24], EVACNET [25], EGRESS [26], Pedestrian Dynamics [27], SimWalk [28], FPETool [29], Evacuationz [30], EVAC-SIM [31] (Fig. 2).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The three pedestrian evacuation models which respondents were most aware of were: Pathfinder [17], FDS+Evac [18], and STEPS [19]. The remaining pedestrian evacuation models which users were most aware of were Exodus [20], Simulex [21], MassMotion [22], Legion [23], VISSIM/Viswalk [24], EVACNET [25], EGRESS [26], Pedestrian Dynamics [27], SimWalk [28], FPETool [29], Evacuationz [30], EVACSIM [31].…”

Section: Model Awarenessmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Online Survey of Pedestrian Evacuation Model Usage and Users

Lovreglio

Ronchi

Kinsey³

2019

Fire Technol

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Pedestrian evacuation models are often used to assess life safety in the performance-based design process within fire safety engineering. Within this paper, a summary of data collected via an international online survey regarding the models and users' experiences and needs is presented. This survey consisted of 22 questions focusing on: the assessment of the pedestrian evacuation model user community; their stated importance of model features to select a model; usage/awareness of models; knowledge of model validation and verification; training; and usage of multiple models. As such, the survey allowed the collection of information useful for instructing future pedestrian evacuation model development. The survey represents an expanded version of a previous survey conducted by the authors in 2011. Results with the previous survey were compared to identify any changes in preference and usage by pedestrian evacuation model users. The survey was completed by 234 respondents from 41 countries. The respondents had a wide range of education and occupational backgrounds and use models for a variety of different purposes. The results identified a total of 72 pedestrian evacuation models currently in use and indicated the most known models. In addition, the most used models were identified, and the results highlighted that the three key factors used to select a pedestrian evacuation model are overall consistent with the results of the 2011 survey: verification and validation, documentation, and data output of the model.

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SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering

Cited by 678 publications

References 0 publications

Fire-induced pressure and smoke spreading in mechanically ventilated buildings with air-tight envelopes

Fire-induced pressure and smoke spreading in mechanically ventilated buildings with air-tight envelopes

Experiments and Numerical Simulations of Pressure Effects in Apartment Fires

An Online Survey of Pedestrian Evacuation Model Usage and Users

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