Shade Management Systems to Reduce Heat Stress for Dairy Cows in Hot, Humid Climates

Buffington, D. E.; Collier, Robert J.; Canton, G. H.

doi:10.13031/2013.33845

Cited by 85 publications

(83 citation statements)

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“…Com base nos dados coletados de temperatura e umidade relativa do ar, determinou-se o ITU, segundo Buffington et al (1983); também foram gerados mapas transversais, longitudinais e horizontais do ambiente térmico, da temperatura do ar, umidade relativa do ar e ITU do aviário; enfim, a análise dos dados para confecção dos mapas foi realizada por meio de média para os períodos diurno e noturno, da mesma forma como das máximas temperaturas atingidas.…”

Section: Methodsunclassified

Mapeamento do ambiente térmico de aviários de postura abertos em sistema vertical de criação

Coelho

Tinôco

Vieira

et al. 2015

Rev. bras. eng. agríc. ambient.

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R E S U M OObjetivou-se, com este trabalho monitorar, em tempo real, o ambiente térmico de um aviário de postura e realizar o mapeamento completo da distribuição das variáveis temperatura do ar, umidade relativa do ar e índice de temperatura e umidade no alojamento. O trabalho foi conduzido no mês de janeiro de 2013 em uma granja comercial de aves de postura, sistemas verticais, com seis andares de gaiolas. O aviário é totalmente automatizado possuindo 100.000 aves alojadas na densidade de 300 cm 2 ave -1 . A partir dos dados coletados foram determinadas as médias de temperatura e umidade relativa do ar para período diurno e noturno de diferentes posições na instalação. Os mapas térmicos resultantes demostram que ocorreu uma variabilidade térmica em diferentes posições espaciais no interior do aviário, com a região central apresentando temperaturas superiores às das extremidades porém dentro da faixa de conforto térmico das aves considerando a situação de temperaturas mé-dias, durante calor extremo a temperatura interna na instalação alcançou 33 o C. A umidade relativa do ar apresentou pequenas variações durante o dia e maiores no período da noite. Em relação ao índice de temperatura e umidade a maior parte da instalação permaneceu dentro da faixa de conforto. Mapping the thermal environment of aviaries of open posture in vertical creation system A B S T R A C TThe objective of this work was to monitor, in real time, the thermal environment of an avian posture and to perform a complete mapping of the distribution of the variables air temperature, relative humidity and temperature and humidity index in the housing. The study was conducted in January 2013 in a commercial farm of laying hens, vertical systems, with six floors of cage. The aviary is fully automated, having 100.000 birds housed in density of 300 cm 2 bird -1 . The collected data were analysed for the average temperature and relative humidity during day and nighttime and for different positions at the facility. The resulting thermal maps show that there was a temperature variation at different spatial positions within the poultry house, the central region having higher temperature in comparison to border but within the range of thermal comfort of the birds, considering the situation of average temperatures during extreme heat the internal temperature reached 33 o C in the installation. The relative humidity showed little variation during the day and highest in the evening. Regarding the temperature and moisture content, the greater part of the plant remained within the comfort range. Palavras-chave:avicultura de postura distribuição térmica conforto térmico

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Section: Methodsunclassified

Mapeamento do ambiente térmico de aviários de postura abertos em sistema vertical de criação

Coelho

Tinôco

Vieira

et al. 2015

Rev. bras. eng. agríc. ambient.

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“…Proportions of time spent grazing, lying, standing, and using shade were evaluated between breeds. Heat stress effects such as reduced feed intake, increased water intake, increased respiration rate, decreased conception rate, and increased body temperature have been studied by Buffington et al (1983), Collier et al (1981), and Blackshaw and Blackshaw (1994). Smith et al (1992), using binoculars, observed cattle during daylight hours at 15-min intervals in a continuously grazed pasture and recorded time spent in channel, floodplain, and upland areas to assess riparian grazing.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Monitoring cattle behavior and pasture use with GPS and GIS

Turner¹,

Udal²,

Larson³

et al. 2000

Can. J. Anim. Sci.

205

145

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. 2000. Monitoring cattle behavior and pasture use with GPS and GIS. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 80: 405-413. Precision agriculture is already being used commercially to improve variability management in row crop agriculture. In the same way, understanding how spatial and temporal variability of animal, forage, soil and landscape features affect grazing behavior and forage utilization provides potential to modify pasture management, improve efficiency of utilization, and maximize profits. Recent advances in global positioning system (GPS) technology have allowed the development of lightweight GPS collar receivers suitable for monitoring animal position at 5-min intervals. The GPS data can be imported into a geographic information system (GIS) to assess animal behavior characteristics and pasture utilization. This paper describes application and use of GPS technology on intensively managed beef cattle, and implications for livestock behavior and management research on pasture. Global positioning system monitoring can provide researchers with efficient and accurate information on grazing behavior. Previous research focused on tracking animals using data gathered by observation. Recent advances in GPS technology have allowed the development of lightweight collar receivers suitable for monitoring animal position at 5-min intervals. Data can be imported into a GIS to assess animal behavior characteristics and pasture utilization. Precision animal location recording allows researchers to evaluate pasture utilization, animal performance, and behavior. Researchers may assess the merits of pasture or paddock shapes and sizes, fence designs, grazing systems, forage composition and availability, location of shade, water, and supplements, and other variables that affect beef cattle operations. The objectives of this article are: 1) to review previous tracking technology; 2) to explain GPS animal monitoring; 3) to describe GPS tracking collar application for beef cattle; and 4) to discuss pasture livestock behavior and management research implications.

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“…Also tunnel ventilation was compared with natural ventilation (Stowell et al, 2001a and2001b). Under freezing weather roof insulation combined with thermal curtains inside the barn was maintained a uniform temperature of 208C (Buffington et al, 1983), but in hot weather the temperature inside the barn was 18C to 38C higher than outside (Stowell et al, 1998). In a free-stall barn roof insulation reduced the air temperature under the roof, but had no effect on that at cow level (Stowell et al, 1998).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimal barn characteristics for high-yielding Holstein cows as derived by a new heat-stress model

Shoshani

Hetzroni

2013

Animal

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Meticulous planning is required to minimize heat-stress conditions in barns. The objective of this study was to determine optimum barn characteristics for high-yielding dairy cows under Israeli (Mediterranean) summer ambient conditions, by using a new stress model that takes ambient temperature, relative humidity and wind velocity into account. During the summers of 2004 and 2005, three meteorological stations were alternately installed in 39 barns: two stations inside the barn at the prevailing downwind direction, and a third station outside the upwind end of the barn. Ambient temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and direction were measured and recorded every 10 min for 3 to 5 consecutive days at each barn in turn. The data were collected at different geographical and climatic conditions. Therefore, the data collected by an outside station were used as covariates. A heat-stress model was used to determine the threshold temperature (THRT) at which a cow begins to increase its respiratory rate; THRT was the response variable in the statistical model. The THRT model takes in account assumed values of a cow's physiological characteristics: daily milk yield of 45 kg, containing 3.5% fat, and 3 mm fur depth. The independent variables were: orientation, barn type, roof slope, roof ridge, marginal height, roof type (fixed or sliding) and barn width. Results showed that the optimal barn for high-yielding cows is the loose-housing type, oriented with its long axis perpendicular to the prevailing wind direction. Advantageous to the design would be an open ridge or pagoda with marginal height of over 4.7 m for north-south orientation and over 5 m for east-west orientation, roof slope over 11%, and barn width between 43 and 51 m for north-south orientation but lower than 42 m for east-west orientation. A sliding roof was also found to be an excellent solution when outside yards are banned by environmental regulations.Keywords: barn, heat stress, dairy cow ImplicationsThis work lays the basis for the design of optimal naturalventilated barns for cows to suppress thermal heat stress. Our research took into considerations the main contributors to heat stress including ambient temperature, humidity and wind speed. The latter was previously ignored in heatstress models. The results indicate that with proper design, potential heat stress can be reduced thus decreasing or even eliminating the decline of milk production of dairy animals.

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Shade Management Systems to Reduce Heat Stress for Dairy Cows in Hot, Humid Climates

Cited by 85 publications

References 0 publications

Mapeamento do ambiente térmico de aviários de postura abertos em sistema vertical de criação

Mapeamento do ambiente térmico de aviários de postura abertos em sistema vertical de criação

Monitoring cattle behavior and pasture use with GPS and GIS

Optimal barn characteristics for high-yielding Holstein cows as derived by a new heat-stress model

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