Shadow credit in the middle market: the decade after the financial collapse

Abstract

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to review the continued development of the “shadow banking” market in the USA, namely, lending to the private middle market, defined as financings of $5-100m to non-public, unrated operating entities or pools of assets with not more than $50m in earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization. Design/methodology/approach The analysis includes a continued review of an innovative segment of the financial markets and primary evidence from direct participation in four actual cases of private, non-bank lending between 2013 and 2015 and theoretical observations around that data. Findings Although there have been considerable challenges, historically, in providing credit for small and mid-sized businesses in the USA, the authors show further evidence that private middle market capital is growing (post credit crisis) at a dramatic pace, in part because of excessive constraints placed on the regulated depositary institutions. The authors also explain the nature of the shadow banking innovation and how it is intrinsically linked to “arbitraging” often excessively restrictive banking regulation. The growing US shadow banking market, while providing an important service to middle market companies, may pose a new systemic risk post 2007-2008 credit crisis in the USA. Research limitations/implications Any generalization is limited because of the difficulty in extrapolating from a small number of specific case studies and the absence of adequate survey data for the US capital markets and the limited examples examined. Practical implications This research calls for additional case studies, including participant observation research that offers a unique close-up view of financial behavior that is often beyond the view of regulators and the public. Data obtained may be useful in providing a deeper, more timely understanding of credit market behavior and contribute to efforts at formal financial modeling as well as the development of practical regulatory regimes. Social implications The shadow credit market is a key source of funding for the global financial system, thus contributing to job creation and economic growth. The authors demonstrate the value of financial innovations and show that shadow credit fills a void left by depository financial institutions, shifting much of the risk from the public to investors. This research increases transparency in the operation of this market, which is extremely important for the industry, the government and the public. The authors offer a modest attempt at understanding credit behavior to avoid a repeat of the 2007/2008 financial crisis. Originality/value Direct participation is unique to the firms studied. Value is in developing a general framework to analyze an emerging credit market in advanced economies.

A Review of Micro-Based Systemic Risk Research from Multiple Perspectives

“…Moreover, at present, there are many types of research on systemic risks in the banking system, the real estate market and the foreign exchange market. There are few studies on the systemic risks of the shadow banking [ 179 , 180 ] and internet financial markets, which may be related to the lack of available data and difficulties in providing supporting empirical studies. Dynamic multi-layer networks expect further exploration, especially when the prices of assets have a connection with the financial contagions.…”