Shale lithofacies modeling of the Bakken Formation in the Williston basin, North Dakota

Abstract

2.2.2 Artificial Neural Network (ANN)……………………………………………………………………………………...45 2.2.3 Self-Organizing Map (SOM)…………………………………………………………………………………………….46 2.2.4 Multi Resolution Graph-based Clustering (MRGC)………………………………………………………….48 2.3 Bakken and Mahantango-Marcellus Shale Lithofacies……………………………………………………….49 2.4 Materials and Methods……………………………………………………………………………………………………..54 2.4.1 Pre-processing Input Petrophysical Dataset……………………………………………………………………55 2.4.2 Training and Testing the Classifiers…………………………………………………………………………………57 2.5 Results and Discussions…………………………………………………………………………………………………….58 2.6 Conclusions……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………....72 Acknowledgements…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………72 References………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………73 CHAPTER 3…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………78 Integrated 3D Shale Lithofacies Modeling of the Bakken Shale in the Williston Basin, North Dakota……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….78 Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..79 3.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...81 3.2 Geologic Setting………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..83 3.3 Dataset and Methods………………………………………………………………………………………………………..86 3.4 Results and Discussions……………………………………………………………………………………………………..95 3.5 Suggestions for Further Study………………………………………………………………………………………….112 3.6 Conclusions……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..112 Acknowledgements……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….114 References…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….114