Shallow rock-wall biological associations of some southern fiords of New Zealand

Grange, Ken R.; Singleton, Rhine; Richardson, J. Reginald; Hill, P. J.; Main, W. deL.

doi:10.1080/03014223.1981.10427963

Cited by 80 publications

(63 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Although these data were collected from only two sampling sites within Doubtful Sound, it can be assumed that the whole of Doubtful Sound has a similar light regime. Grange et al (1981) obtained similar results to the present study on the north face (maximum annual mean values of 3.5-15.6/onol photons m~2 s" 1 ) at Tricky Cove, Doubtful Sound. If light was limiting the upper depth limit of A. fiordensis between sides of the fiord, it would be expected that corals would grow at different depths.…”

Section: Salinity Tolerance Experimentssupporting

confidence: 79%

“…Grange & Singleton (1988) suggested that surface low-salinity layers (LSLs) in the New Zealand fiords act to attenuate incoming irradiation, and this in turn leads to the deep-water emergence of antipatharians. The underwater light climate in the New Zealand fiords is low, c. 1-2% of the surface irradiance at 15 m depth, owing to a combination of steep narrow walls in the fiords restricting direct light from entering the water column and robust LSLs (Grange et al 1981;Grange & Singleton 1988). The LSLs act to attenuate incoming irradiation both through scattering light associated with the different refractive indices of the mixing fresh and salt water, and also through light absorption by the humics trapped in the LSLs (Rutherford et al 2000;Gibbs 2001;Peake et al 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Salinity controls the upper depth limit of black corals in Doubtful Sound, New Zealand

Kregting

Gibbs

2006

New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research

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The New Zealand endemic black coral Antipathes fiordensis is found in Fiordland in shallow depths (c. 5 m) compared with depths of other black corals worldwide. This is considered to be a result of the low light levels caused by the tannin-rich, surface low-salinity layers (LSLs) of water that are characteristic of the fiords. However, low salinity may also affect the distribution of black corals because of osmotic stress. We found a strong relationship between the upper limit of coral colonies and the salinity gradient along Doubtful Sound and no significant relationship between the upper depth limit of A. fiordensis and the underwater light field. This suggests that salinity, rather than light levels, plays a dominant role in controlling the upper depth limit of A. fiordensis. This result was supported by a salinity tolerance experiment in which coral colonies were held in situ in a range of salinities (6-32 psu). This experiment revealed that corals can tolerate salinities of between 20 and 30 psu for up to 6 h as long as lowered salinities were periodically interrupted by higher, less detrimental salinities (>32 psu). Although LSLs may reduce incoming irradiation, the extreme upper limit of A. fiordensis in Doubtful S ound appears to be controlled by the salinity field.

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Section: Salinity Tolerance Experimentssupporting

confidence: 79%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Salinity controls the upper depth limit of black corals in Doubtful Sound, New Zealand

Kregting

Gibbs

2006

New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research

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“…Jones et al (1999) and Swearer et al (1999), using tagging and trace element techniques, showed that planktonic fish larvae stayed close to their natal sites on reefs, adding convincing evidence that oceanic conditions and larval behaviour can favour retention. New Zealand's 14 spectacular deep-water fjords contain unique and fragile marine benthic communities of national and international significance due to unusually high species diversity and a high proportion of endemic, rare and protected species (Grange et al 1981, Smith & Witman 1999. The New Zealand fjords provide a unique natural laboratory in which to study evolutionary processes associated with the effects of isolation and its effects on gene flow in marine systems.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic subdivision of a sea star with high dispersal capability in relation to physical barriers in a fjordic seascape

Sköld¹,

Wing²,

Mladenov³

2003

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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We used allozymes to investigate the population genetics of the sea star Coscinasterias muricata throughout New Zealand, with emphasis on populations inhabiting the fjords on the west coast of the South Island. Mean genetic variability measured by Wright's F st for all the New Zealand populations was 0.061, indicating a moderate level of genetic divergence on a New Zealand wide scale. F st for populations from the fjord region was generally lower, ranging from 0.024 to 0.028, but it deviated from zero for all the loci examined. Evidence of isolation by distance was found when all populations were used in an analysis of log of the extent of gene flow between a pair of populations (M ) against the log of geographic distance (r 2 = 0.57, p < 0.001, Mantel test). Thus, a pattern of isolation by distance seems evident on this larger scale. However, pair-wise comparisons of genetic distances, measured as F st , of populations on the regional scale of the fjords on the west coast of the South Island showed no correlation, since high variation of F st (0.001 to 0.09) between populations separated by 20 to 105 km was detected. The overall pattern of genetic variation revealed in a cluster analysis of genetic identity, I, grouped all the fjord populations together with maximum genetic identities of 94.6% to the other South Island populations, but within the fjord region, populations were not segregated according to geographical location. We suggest that the relatively isolated hydrography of each fjord is a most likely explanation for why fjord populations form genetic clusters that are inconsistent with geographical distance. The New Zealand fjords changed from freshwater systems about 12 000 to 6500 yr ago, and genetic equilibrium for the populations that colonized the fjords may not have been reached yet. We suggest that the recent colonization of the fjords, and the physical isolation from the open coast and each other, are important in explaining the genetic pattern of fjord populations of C. muricata.

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“…The 14 glacier-carved fjords within the Fiordland region of New Zealand's South Islandhave similarly received considerable attention. However, much of the current knowledge of New Zealand's fjord benthic communities is restricted to intertidal and shallow subtidal habitats (e.g., Batham 1965;Grange et al 1981;Witman & Grange 1998;Wing et al 2003;Kregting & Gibbs 2006). In contrast, little is known of the deep benthic communities of New Zealand's fjords, with only a few qualitative examinations of large-scale variations in the distribution of conspicuous species (Fleming 1950, Mollusca;Fell 1952, Echinodermata;Hurley 1964;McKnight 1968;McKnight & Estcourt 1978).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deep‐basin macrobenthos of Doubtful Sound, Fiordland, New Zealand

Brewin

Probert

Barker

2008

New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research

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The first quantitative deep-benthic macrofaunal survey of a New Zealand fjord sampled the macrofaunal communities of 12 deep basins that are spatially subdivided along the two main axes of the Doubtful Sound complex. Within basin communities, there was high betweensample variability of both abundance and family level alpha diversity. Despite this high variability, basin communities could be separated into high (entrance basins), medium (inner deep basins), and low (inner shallow basins) diversity communities, each having an associated characteristic change in family level beta diversity. Community groupings were comparable to previous qualitative community types described for other fjords in New Zealand. Fiord taxa appeared similar to those found on the continental shelf to the north, although there were some unique elements (Nuculanidae, Neilonellidae, Malletidae, Pronemomeniidae, Trochochaetidae), their presence supporting the notion of "emergent" species in fjord habitats. The observed differences in community composition between basins may represent differences in environmental tolerances or dispersal capabilities.

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Shallow rock-wall biological associations of some southern fiords of New Zealand

Cited by 80 publications

References 2 publications

Salinity controls the upper depth limit of black corals in Doubtful Sound, New Zealand

Salinity controls the upper depth limit of black corals in Doubtful Sound, New Zealand

Genetic subdivision of a sea star with high dispersal capability in relation to physical barriers in a fjordic seascape

Deep‐basin macrobenthos of Doubtful Sound, Fiordland, New Zealand

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