Shame closely tracks the threat of devaluation by others, even across cultures

Sznycer, Daniel; Tooby, John; Cosmides, Leda; Porat, Roni; Shalvi, Shaul; Halperin, Eran

doi:10.1073/pnas.1514699113

Cited by 206 publications

(226 citation statements)

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“…by motivating the destruction of incriminating evidence) whether others are seen as deserving higher WTRs or not (whether guilt is also mobilized or not). Recent findings indicate a close match between the intensity of shame in the discredited individual and the adverse reaction of the audience (Sznycer, De Smet et al, 2016), suggesting that these emotions are informed by the same underlying welfare-tradeoff architecture (see also Sznycer, AlShawaf et al, 2017;Sznycer et al, 2015;Sznycer, Tooby et al 2016). …”

Section: Anger and Other Emotionsmentioning

confidence: 98%

The grammar of anger: Mapping the computational architecture of a recalibrational emotion

et al. 2017

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a b s t r a c tAccording to the recalibrational theory of anger, anger is a computationally complex cognitive system that evolved to bargain for better treatment. Anger coordinates facial expressions, vocal changes, verbal arguments, the withholding of benefits, the deployment of aggression, and a suite of other cognitive and physiological variables in the service of leveraging bargaining position into better outcomes. The prototypical trigger of anger is an indication that the offender places too little weight on the angry individual's welfare when making decisions, i.e. the offender has too low a welfare tradeoff ratio (WTR) toward the angry individual. Twenty-three experiments in six cultures, including a group of foragers in the Ecuadorian Amazon, tested six predictions about the computational structure of anger derived from the recalibrational theory. Subjects judged that anger would intensify when: (i) the cost was large, (ii) the benefit the offender received from imposing the cost was small, or (iii) the offender imposed the cost despite knowing that the angered individual was the person to be harmed. Additionally, anger-based arguments conformed to a conceptual grammar of anger, such that offenders were inclined to argue that they held a high WTR toward the victim, e.g., ''the cost I imposed on you was small", ''the benefit I gained was large", or ''I didn't know it was you I was harming." These results replicated across all six tested cultures: the US, Australia, Turkey, Romania, India, and Shuar hunter-horticulturalists in Ecuador. Results contradict key predictions about anger based on equity theory and social constructivism.

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Section: Anger and Other Emotionsmentioning

confidence: 98%

The grammar of anger: Mapping the computational architecture of a recalibrational emotion

et al. 2017

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“…However, theoretical considerations (58) and empirical data (59)(60)(61) suggest that these differences result from (for example) differences in what audiences value in others (i.e., the weights attached to the inputs of the pride mechanism) rather than differences in the cognitive architecture of pride. Indeed, cross-cultural evidence has recently provided support for the hypothesis that the complementary emotion of shame is an adaptation that evolved to deter actions where the costs of devaluation by others exceed the benefits, to prevent audiences from receiving negative information about the individual that would lead to devaluation, and to buffer against devaluation if the negative information does spread (22). Pride serves analogous functions with respect to positive information that leads to enhanced valuation or respect.…”

Section: The Advertisement-recalibration Theory Of Pridementioning

confidence: 99%

“…To balance these competing demands, pride should deploy in lockstep with the valuation that is prevalent in audiences drawn from the individual's (local) social ecology. Indeed, because decisions about actions must be made in advance of observing feedback about one's actions, pride feelings should forecast, and track in intensity, the magnitude of others' evaluative recalibrations for a given act or trait (22). We test this basic design feature in 16 countries across 4 continents.…”

Section: The Advertisement-recalibration Theory Of Pridementioning

confidence: 99%

“…These theories include kin selection (11), reciprocation (12,13), reputation (14-16), riskpooling (1,17,18), externality management (19), and (substituting deference for valuation) the asymmetric war of attrition (20). These theories in aggregate require the existence of an evolved, human-universal neurocognitive architecture for computing the social value of others to oneself, and an architecture that governs the extent to which the self will trade his or her welfare in favor of others' welfare (21)(22)(23). Moreover, these theories led to the empirical discovery of an array of specialized choice architectures that implement welfare-tradeoff decisions given the information available to the actor about an interaction partner [e.g., how to respond to cues of the recipient's relatedness, skills, generosity, attractiveness, ability to defend her interests, etc.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Cross-cultural regularities in the cognitive architecture of pride

Sznycer

Al-Shawaf

Bereby‐Meyer

et al. 2017

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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119

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Pride occurs in every known culture, appears early in development, is reliably triggered by achievements and formidability, and causes a characteristic display that is recognized everywhere. Here, we evaluate the theory that pride evolved to guide decisions relevant to pursuing actions that enhance valuation and respect for a person in the minds of others. By hypothesis, pride is a neurocomputational program tailored by selection to orchestrate cognition and behavior in the service of: (i) motivating the costeffective pursuit of courses of action that would increase others' valuations and respect of the individual, (ii) motivating the advertisement of acts or characteristics whose recognition by others would lead them to enhance their evaluations of the individual, and (iii) mobilizing the individual to take advantage of the resulting enhanced social landscape. To modulate how much to invest in actions that might lead to enhanced evaluations by others, the pride system must forecast the magnitude of the evaluations the action would evoke in the audience and calibrate its activation proportionally. We tested this prediction in 16 countries across 4 continents (n = 2,085), for 25 acts and traits. As predicted, the pride intensity for a given act or trait closely tracks the valuations of audiences, local (mean r = +0.82) and foreign (mean r = +0.75). This relationship is specific to pride and does not generalize to other positive emotions that coactivate with pride but lack its audience-recalibrating function.pride | valuation | decision-making | emotion | culture

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“…Questionnaires are also susceptible to inattention; however, the online platform used for parent recruitment in the current study, Mechanical Turk, provides high‐quality data from diverse, internally motivated participants and allows for the inclusion of items designed to evaluate participants' attention . Mechanical Turk has been used in psychological and psychiatric research and eating research …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Children of parents with BED have more eating behavior disturbance than children of parents with obesity or healthy weight

Lydecker

Grilo

2016

Intl J Eating Disorders

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Objective A limited literature suggests an association between parental eating disorders and child eating-disorder behaviors although this research has focused primarily on restrictive-type eating disorders and very little is known about families with binge-eating disorder. Methods The current study focused on parents (N=331; 103 fathers and 226 mothers), comparing parents with core features of binge-eating disorder (BED; n=63) to parents with obesity and no eating disorder (OB; n=85) and parents with healthy-weight and no eating disorder (HW; n=183). Results Parents with BED were significantly more likely than OB and HW parents to report child binge eating, and more likely than HW parents to report child overeating. Parents with BED felt greater responsibility for child feeding than OB parents, and felt more concern about their child's weight than OB and HW parents. Dietary restriction of the child by the parents was related to child binge eating, overeating, and child overweight, and parental group was related to child binge eating (parental BED), overeating (parental BED) and child weight (parental OB). Conclusion Parents with BED report greater disturbance in their children's eating than OB and HW parents, and OB parents report higher child weight than HW parents. This suggests that it is important to consider both eating-disorder psychopathology and obesity in clinical interventions and research. Our cross-sectional findings, which require experimental and prospective confirmations, provide preliminary evidence suggesting potential factors in families with parental BED and obesity to address in treatment and prevention efforts for pediatric eating disorders and obesity.

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Shame closely tracks the threat of devaluation by others, even across cultures

Cited by 206 publications

References 59 publications

The grammar of anger: Mapping the computational architecture of a recalibrational emotion

The grammar of anger: Mapping the computational architecture of a recalibrational emotion

Cross-cultural regularities in the cognitive architecture of pride

Children of parents with BED have more eating behavior disturbance than children of parents with obesity or healthy weight

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