Shape and size of isolated bone mineralites measured using atomic force microscopy

Eppell, Steven J.; Tong, Weidong; Katz, J. Lawrence; Kuhn, Liisa T.; Glimcher, Melvin J.

doi:10.1016/s0736-0266(01)00034-1

Cited by 211 publications

(155 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…Permanent change may involve insertion into or loss of water from the crystal lattice. Bone mineral crystallites are known to be only one or two unit cells thick [27][28][29]. Because of the small size, movement of water or ions into or out of the lattice is not as difficult as it would be in large crystallites.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bone Chemical Structure Response to Mechanical Stress Studied by High Pressure Raman Spectroscopy

et al. 2005

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Abstract. While the biomechanical properties of bone are reasonably well understood at many levels of structural hierarchy, surprisingly little is known about the response of bone to loading at the ultrastructural and crystal lattice levels. In this study, our aim was to examine the response (i.e., rate of change of the vibrational frequency of mineral and matrix bands as a function of applied pressure) of murine cortical bone subjected to hydrostatic compression. We determined the relative response during loading and unloading of mineral vs. matrix, and within the mineral, phosphate vs. carbonate, as well as proteinated vs. deproteinated bone. For all mineral species, shifts to higher wave numbers were observed as pressure increased. However, the change in vibrational frequency with pressure for the more rigid carbonate was less than for phosphate, and caused primarily by movement of ions within the unit cell. Deformation of phosphate on the other hand, results from both ionic movement as well as distortion. Changes in vibrational frequencies of organic species with pressure are greater than for mineral species, and are consistent with changes in protein secondary structures such as alterations in interfibril cross-links and helix pitch. Changes in vibrational frequency with pressure are similar between loading and unloading, implying reversibility, as a result of the inability to permanently move water out of the lattice. The use of high pressure Raman microspectroscopy enables a deeper understanding of the response of tissue to mechanical stress and demonstrates that individual mineral and matrix constituents respond differently to pressure.Key words: Raman spectroscopy -Bone -Biomechanics -Diamond anvil cell -High pressureThe chemical composition and crystal structure of bone play an essential role in its biological and structural functions [1,2]. Bone tissue can be described as a composite of an organic matrix reinforced with an inorganic mineral phase. The organic matrix is about 90% type I collagen fibrils locally oriented predominantly parallel to each other (in long bone) that provide a supporting matrix upon which the mineral crystals grow. The mineral fraction of bone is a highly impure carbonated apatite situated between collagen fibril cross-links and fibril ends. Both the organic and mineral components and the interactions between the two contribute to boneÕs mechanical properties, including strength, toughness and elasticity. It is not clear though how mineral crystallites deform in response to mechanical loading nor how the matrix deforms. This is particularly true at the atomic level. To better understand deformation it is useful to extract atomic-level compositional information about the changes in inorganic and organic phases that occur when bone undergoes mechanical loading.Raman spectroscopy is a powerful technique for relating bone mechanical properties with bone ultrastructural and crystal lattice changes [3]. Raman spectroscopy provides bone vibrational spectra and, like infrared spectros...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bone Chemical Structure Response to Mechanical Stress Studied by High Pressure Raman Spectroscopy

et al. 2005

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“…This is why AFM's numerous applications in bone research [253,254] have been mainly focused on the study of its mechanical properties at a tissue [255][256][257] and single fibril level [258][259][260], while very few studies have investigated the organization of the mineralized collagen fibrils [261,262] ( figure 15). However, similarly to TEM, AFM has been extensively used to examine bone features at the nanometre scale, such as the size of mineral platelets [13,264], collagen fibril characteristics (e.g. its diameter and D-spacing) [263,265,266] and the spatial relationship between collagen fibrils and mineral platelets [267][268][269].…”

Section: Other Imaging Techniques 2341 Atomic Force Microscopymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The mineralized collagen fibrils are formed by the combination of collagen fibrils [10] and hydroxyapatite (HA) mineral crystals [11]. The crystals appear in the form of platelets [12], approximately 3 Â 25 Â 50 nm in size, although significant variations in platelet size have been reported, based on experiments using atomic force microscopy (AFM) [13], transmission electron microscopy (TEM) [14] and X-ray scattering [15] or diffraction [16]. Platelets are formed by hexagonal crystal unit cells, with dimensions a ¼ b ¼ 9.4 Å and c ¼ 6.8 Å [17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Techniques to assess bone ultrastructure organization: orientation and arrangement of mineralized collagen fibrils

Georgiadis

Müller

Schneider

2016

J. R. Soc. Interface.

113

100

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Bone's remarkable mechanical properties are a result of its hierarchical structure. The mineralized collagen fibrils, made up of collagen fibrils and crystal platelets, are bone's building blocks at an ultrastructural level. The organization of bone's ultrastructure with respect to the orientation and arrangement of mineralized collagen fibrils has been the matter of numerous studies based on a variety of imaging techniques in the past decades. These techniques either exploit physical principles, such as polarization, diffraction or scattering to examine bone ultrastructure orientation and arrangement, or directly image the fibrils at the sub-micrometre scale. They make use of diverse probes such as visible light, X-rays and electrons at different scales, from centimetres down to nanometres. They allow imaging of bone sections or surfaces in two dimensions or investigating bone tissue truly in three dimensions, in vivo or ex vivo, and sometimes in combination with in situ mechanical experiments. The purpose of this review is to summarize and discuss this broad range of imaging techniques and the different modalities of their use, in order to discuss their advantages and limitations for the assessment of bone ultrastructure organization with respect to the orientation and arrangement of mineralized collagen fibrils.

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“…The remaining 10% of the matrix is composed of noncollagenous proteins. The mineral phase represents on average 65% of hydrated bone weight and is formed of nanosized platelets with dimensions ranging from 1 to 7 nm in thickness, 15 to 200 nm in length, and 10 to 80 nm in width 2, 7, 8, 9, 10. The mineral crystals have an apatitic structure, but compared to its “ideal” form known as hydroxyapatite [Ca 10 (PO 4 ) 6 (OH) 2 ], bone apatite can contains various substitutions and vacancies 11.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Large Deformation Mechanisms, Plasticity, and Failure of an Individual Collagen Fibril With Different Mineral Content

Dépalle

Qin

Shefelbine

et al. 2015

Journal of Bone and Mineral Research

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Mineralized collagen fibrils are composed of tropocollagen molecules and mineral crystals derived from hydroxyapatite to form a composite material that combines optimal properties of both constituents and exhibits incredible strength and toughness. Their complex hierarchical structure allows collagen fibrils to sustain large deformation without breaking. In this study, we report a mesoscale model of a single mineralized collagen fibril using a bottom‐up approach. By conserving the three‐dimensional structure and the entanglement of the molecules, we were able to construct finite‐size fibril models that allowed us to explore the deformation mechanisms which govern their mechanical behavior under large deformation. We investigated the tensile behavior of a single collagen fibril with various intrafibrillar mineral content and found that a mineralized collagen fibril can present up to five different deformation mechanisms to dissipate energy. These mechanisms include molecular uncoiling, molecular stretching, mineral/collagen sliding, molecular slippage, and crystal dissociation. By multiplying its sources of energy dissipation and deformation mechanisms, a collagen fibril can reach impressive strength and toughness. Adding mineral into the collagen fibril can increase its strength up to 10 times and its toughness up to 35 times. Combining crosslinks with mineral makes the fibril stiffer but more brittle. We also found that a mineralized fibril reaches its maximum toughness to density and strength to density ratios for a mineral density of around 30%. This result, in good agreement with experimental observations, attests that bone tissue is optimized mechanically to remain lightweight but maintain strength and toughness. © 2015 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).

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Shape and size of isolated bone mineralites measured using atomic force microscopy

Cited by 211 publications

References 46 publications

Bone Chemical Structure Response to Mechanical Stress Studied by High Pressure Raman Spectroscopy

Bone Chemical Structure Response to Mechanical Stress Studied by High Pressure Raman Spectroscopy

Techniques to assess bone ultrastructure organization: orientation and arrangement of mineralized collagen fibrils

Large Deformation Mechanisms, Plasticity, and Failure of an Individual Collagen Fibril With Different Mineral Content

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