“…These shortcomings are partially due to their microstructural characteristics [4,5], such as coarse grain sizes and the congregation of secondary phases or impurities along the grain boundaries. Some researches have been carried out to refine the grain size or clean the grain boundary, for example, heat treatment, powder metallurgy, and rapid solidification techniques were developed to fabricate fine-grained copper-based SMAs [2,3,[6][7][8] and single crystal alloys [9]. The performances of the alloys prepared by these methods have all improved in different degrees, but they still cannot be efficiently applied because of the complex preparations or shape limit (line or strip).…”