Shape-programmable artificial cilia for microfluidics

Panigrahi, Bivas; Sahadevan, Vignesh; Chen, Chia Yuan

doi:10.1016/j.isci.2021.103367

Cited by 10 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…The authors demonstrated not only fluid propulsion but also the transport of solid objects that are larger and heavier than the cilia. At a larger scale (L = 10 mm), Panigrahi et al [100] developed an analogue fabrication technique to make multi-segment magnetic cilia, in the perspective of programming the bending motion of each cilium in the array. Miao et al [101] used the geometry of pine needles as inspiration for creating a dense carpet of bending pillars, exhibiting a varying degree of spatial asymmetry and capable of transporting solid particles and droplets.…”

Section: Magnetic Field Actuationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Artificial Cilia–Bridging the Gap with Nature

Peerlinck

Milana

Smet

et al. 2023

Adv Funct Materials

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Human ingenuity has found a multitude of ways to manipulate fluids across different applications. However, the fundamentals of fluid propulsion change when moving from the macro‐ to the microscale. Viscous forces dominate inertial forces rendering successful methods at the macroscale ineffective for microscale fluid propulsion. Nature however has found a solution; microscopic active organelles protruding from cells that feature intricate beating patterns: cilia. Cilia succeed in propelling fluids at small dimensions; hence they have served as a source of inspiration for microfluidic applications. Mimicking biological cilia however remains challenging due to their small size and the required kinematic complexity. Recent advances have pushed artificial cilia technology forward, yet discrepancies with natural cilia still exists. This study identifies this gap by analyzing artificial cilia technology and benchmarking them to natural cilia, to pinpoint the remaining design and manufacturing challenges that lay at the basis of the disparity with nature.

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Section: Magnetic Field Actuationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Artificial Cilia–Bridging the Gap with Nature

Peerlinck

Milana

Smet

et al. 2023

Adv Funct Materials

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“…[ 64 ] Additionally, long‐distance transport of particles limited this method because of the direct pushing action of the swimmers upon the particles. Likewise, the flow‐induced particle manipulation under the employment of artificial cilia also possessed several limitations, such as i) an unsuccessful attempt toward complete particle removal as the consequence of the orientation of the ciliated surface, [ 34 ] ii) particle entrapment with the ciliated surface, [ 33 ] iii) extremity of direct contact manipulation of the particles, [ 32 ] and iv) greater tendency of the particles to flow back. To overcome these limitations, the proposed device was demonstrated to exhibit distinct mechanisms of highly non‐contact as well as independent particle removal under different modes of magnetic actuation (Figure 5).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An On‐Demand Microrobot with Building Block Design for Flow Manipulation

Loganathan

Hsieh

Shi

et al. 2022

Adv Materials Technologies

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The ability to precisely maneuver miniature objects in flow through a well‐controlled manner is envisaged to have an extensive impact in micro manipulation for profound medical and biological applications. In this work, the magnetic microrobots are fabricated by employing a distinct block‐to‐block approach in which the microrobotic structures are developed using several magnetic and nonmagnetic blocks. To demonstrate the on‐board control strategies of the microrobots, two distinct modes of motion are introduced and actuated with the aid of the developed in‐house electromagnetic system. To delve into the physics of microrobot locomotion, theoretical and numerical investigations are performed that further provide practical relevance for extensive applications with profound reliability. A mixing task is conducted to elucidate the enriched controllability of the microrobot in furnishing an on‐demand flow agitation function with high efficiency. Furthermore, the directions of such mixing are engineered using the proposed modes of motion which can unlock the possibilities to precisely control the directional inhomogeneities of the fluids encountered in diversely microfluidic systems. Aside from it, the multidimensional controllability of the microrobot motions exhibiting distinct flow behaviors is further demonstrated to precisely disperse the particles suspended in the fluid medium. Subsequently, such behaviors combined with the adaptive modes of microrobot motion can be potentially employed as one of the strategies to prevent the fouling problems encountered in several microfluidic applications. The presented work provides the feasible functions of the microrobots where they can play a pivotal role in dampening their functional limitations inherent in dynamic environment, and pave to emerge as fully autonomous microrobots for future engineering applications.

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“…The final step is separating or peeling off the artificial cilia. Chen and his team [ 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 ] fabricated a wide range of artificial cilia with universality using micro-molding fabrication processes. For instance, Wu et al [ 56 ] demonstrated a micro-molding fabrication process that involves a series of computerized numerical control (CNC) micromachining processes towards preparing the mould for artificial cilia., PDMS-magnetic composite casting was carried out followed by PDMS casting to create the structure of artificial cilia and its microfluidic environment.…”

Section: Fabrication Techniques For Artificial Ciliamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…( A ) The micro-molding fabrication process demonstrated fabricating multi-segmented magnetic artificial cilia using the following fabrication processes: ( i ) cilia shape patterning in acrylic sheet, ( ii ) magnetic and PDMS mixture pouring in the pattern, ( iii ) cured in the hot surface plate at 85 °C for 48 h, and ( iv ) procedures of peeling-off artificial cilia from the acrylic substrate and magnetization. The figure was reproduced with permission from [ 55 ], under a Creative Commons BY Non-Commercial No Derivative Works (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) license, published by Elsevier, 2021. ( B ) Photolithography fabrication process depicted fabricating magnetic artificial cilia using the fabrication following processes: ( i ) substrate preparing, ( ii ) anchor preparing, ( iii ) cilia body layer preparing, ( iv ) ciliary shape developing, ( v ) cilia coating and ( vi ) peeling-off.…”

Section: Fabrication Techniques For Artificial Ciliamentioning

confidence: 99%

Microfluidic Applications of Artificial Cilia: Recent Progress, Demonstration, and Future Perspectives

2022

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Artificial cilia-based microfluidics is a promising alternative in lab-on-a-chip applications which provides an efficient way to manipulate fluid flow in a microfluidic environment with high precision. Additionally, it can induce favorable local flows toward practical biomedical applications. The endowment of artificial cilia with their anatomy and capabilities such as mixing, pumping, transporting, and sensing lead to advance next-generation applications including precision medicine, digital nanofluidics, and lab-on-chip systems. This review summarizes the importance and significance of the artificial cilia, delineates the recent progress in artificial cilia-based microfluidics toward microfluidic application, and provides future perspectives. The presented knowledge and insights are envisaged to pave the way for innovative advances for the research communities in miniaturization.

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Shape-programmable artificial cilia for microfluidics

Cited by 10 publications

References 34 publications

Artificial Cilia–Bridging the Gap with Nature

Artificial Cilia–Bridging the Gap with Nature

An On‐Demand Microrobot with Building Block Design for Flow Manipulation

Microfluidic Applications of Artificial Cilia: Recent Progress, Demonstration, and Future Perspectives

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