Shaping plasmonic light beams with near-field plasmonic holograms

Epstein, Itai; Lilach, Yigal; Arie, Ady

doi:10.1364/josab.31.001642

Cited by 53 publications

(54 citation statements)

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“…Owing to the binary nature of metallic gratings used to couple SPPs to the metal/dielectric interface , we can use a modification of Lee's binary encoding method that was introduced in Section , in order to obtain the two‐dimensional plasmonic NFH using the following equation :

\begin{matrix} true \\ right \begin{matrix} left t (z, y) = \frac{h_{0}}{2} \{1 + sign [cos (0true \frac{2 π}{Λ} z + ϕ (y)) - cos (π q (y))]\}, \end{matrix} \end{matrix}

where

q = {prefixsin}^{- 1} [A (y)] / π

and contains the amplitude information, Λis the period of modulation and h 0 is the hologram's height. Equation encapsulates all the required attributes of the plasmonic hologram: an arbitrary plasmonic field,

A (z, y), ϕ (z, y)

, can be encoded, a carrier frequency completes the missing momentum, thus coupling only the first‐order SPP from free‐space beam to the interface, and the desired beam is generated directly in the near‐field.…”

Section: Holographic Methods For Spatial and Spectral Shaping Of Surfmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…SEM images of the plasmonic holograms which generated the HG(1,0) and HG(3,0) beams, are shown in (b) and (d), respectively. Reproduced with permission .…”

Section: Holographic Methods For Spatial and Spectral Shaping Of Surfmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… together with the Airy grating coupler. (d) Measured (top right) and simulated (top left) Airy plasmon using the plasmonic NFH method of Epstein and Arie together with s SEM image for the NFH itself (bottom). Reproduced with permission [, ].…”

Section: Comparison Between the Different Methods Of Spp Spatial Shapingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(a) and (d) numerical simulations, (b) and (e) NSOM measurements, and (c) and (f) their cross section at

z = 10 μ normalm

(simulated – blue curve, measured – red curve), of HG(1,0) and HG(3,0) plasmonic beams, respectively. Reproduced with permission .…”

Section: Comparison Between the Different Methods Of Spp Spatial Shapingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The different terms of the off‐axis hologram are spatially separated in the far‐field. Reproduced with permission .…”

Section: Holography Of Free‐space Wavesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Surface‐plasmon wavefront and spectral shaping by near‐field holography

Epstein

Tsur

Arie

2016

Laser & Photonics Reviews

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Surface‐plasmon‐polariton waves are two‐dimensional electromagnetic surface waves that propagate at the interface between a metal and a dielectric. These waves exhibit unusual and attractive properties, such as high spatial confinement and enhancement of the optical field, and are widely used in a variety of applications, such as sensing and subwavelength optics. The ability to precisely control the spatial and spectral properties of the surface‐plasmon wave is required in order to support the growing interest in both research and applications of plasmonic waves, and to bring it to the next level. Here, we review the challenges and methods for shaping the wavefront and spectrum of plasmonic waves. In particular, we present the recent advances in plasmonic spatial and spectral shaping, which are based on the realization of plasmonic holograms for the optical nearfield.

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\begin{matrix} true \\ right \begin{matrix} left t (z, y) = \frac{h_{0}}{2} \{1 + sign [cos (0true \frac{2 π}{Λ} z + ϕ (y)) - cos (π q (y))]\}, \end{matrix} \end{matrix}

where

q = {prefixsin}^{- 1} [A (y)] / π

A (z, y), ϕ (z, y)

Section: Holographic Methods For Spatial and Spectral Shaping Of Surfmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…SEM images of the plasmonic holograms which generated the HG(1,0) and HG(3,0) beams, are shown in (b) and (d), respectively. Reproduced with permission .…”

Section: Holographic Methods For Spatial and Spectral Shaping Of Surfmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Comparison Between the Different Methods Of Spp Spatial Shapingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(a) and (d) numerical simulations, (b) and (e) NSOM measurements, and (c) and (f) their cross section at

z = 10 μ normalm

(simulated – blue curve, measured – red curve), of HG(1,0) and HG(3,0) plasmonic beams, respectively. Reproduced with permission .…”

Section: Comparison Between the Different Methods Of Spp Spatial Shapingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The different terms of the off‐axis hologram are spatially separated in the far‐field. Reproduced with permission .…”

Section: Holography Of Free‐space Wavesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Surface‐plasmon wavefront and spectral shaping by near‐field holography

Epstein

Tsur

Arie

2016

Laser & Photonics Reviews

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Metasurface Holograms for Holographic Imaging

Wan

Gao

Yang

2017

Advanced Optical Materials

183

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that of the input beam) of amplitude holograms is very low, since much of the incident power is reflected or scattered. Fortunately, the interference intensity pattern can also be translated into phase variations to generate a phase hologram, [6] which is usually preferred because it has a higher diffraction efficiency and can substantially increase the brightness of the reconstructed images. The phase profile in traditional phase-only hologram is controlled by etching different depths into a transparent substrate. Two-level binary phase holograms have been widely used because of their ease of fabrication, but they have a theoretical diffraction efficiency of only 40.5% and suffer the twinimage issue. Multilevel-phase holograms promise high diffraction efficiency and avoid the twin-image problem, but require expensive and complicated grayscale, variable-dose, or multistep lithography processes. [7] Later on, computer-generated holography (CGH) [8,9] was proposed to numerically calculate the phase and amplitude distributions at the hologram plane, which are then encoded into spatial light modulators (SLMs) [10,11] or specific optical elements such as dielectric gratings [12] and dielectric optical antennas. [13] However, since conventional phase holograms rely on light propagation over distances much longer than the wavelength in order to accumulate enough phase variation for effective wavefront shaping, the optical elements for building the phase hologram will have large unitcell size and film thickness due to the limited refractive indices of natural materials. The smallest achievable hologram pixel size usually is as large as several micrometers (several times of the wavelength for visible light), which makes the hologram suffer the highorder diffraction, twin-image issue, and limited resolution. [14] Therefore, compact holograms with subwavelength features in both the thickness and the pixel size are highly demanded, which will not only improve the quality of holographic imaging reconstruction but also reduce the hologram footprint for nanophotonic integration.One significant breakthrough to bring new capabilities in confining light to subwavelength scale is plasmonics, [15,16] where the coupling between electromagnetic waves and collective electron oscillations at metal-dielectric interfaces is studied. Due to the strong interaction with the incident light, plasmonic metamaterials provide more freedom in controlling light at visible and near-infrared frequencies due to their arbitrarily designed permittivity and permeability. [17][18][19] However, the fabrication challenges at nanoscale and the absorption loss of bulk metamaterials at optical frequencies are usually As a revolutionary three-dimensional (3D) optical imaging technique, optical holography has attracted wide attention for its capability of recording both the amplitude and phase information of light scattered from objects. Holograms are designed to transform an incident wave into a desired arbitrary wavefront in the far field, which requires ultim...

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Efficient Metacoupler for Complex Surface Plasmon Launching

Zhang

Wei

et al. 2018

Advanced Optical Materials

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simultaneously. [5][6][7] Controlling the wavefront of SPs, although challenging, is highly required in enabling a variety of functional SP devices. [8] In early studies, much attention has been paid to the control of propagating SPs, where free-space light is first coupled to SPs, and then the wavefront of SPs can be manipulated by diffraction units, [9][10][11] patterned gratings, [12,13] or transformation optics. [14,15] In order to support the ever-increasing demand in both research and applications of plasmonics, and to bring it to the next level, the exploration for new approaches to steering SPs in the launching process has thus been an intrigued research topic, which could significantly simplify the design and fabrication of most integrated plasmonic devices.Recently, metasurfaces have emerged as an ideal tool for fine control of SPs through the design of suitable subwavelength meta-atoms and the prescribed arrangement of their spatial distributions. [16,17] In particular, subwavelength metallic slit resonators are among the most commonly used unit elements in designing metasurfaces for SP manipulation. Since the locations and orientations of the slit resonators can be carefully chosen using the iterative algorithm, [18] holographic principle, [19,20] Pancharatnam-Berry (P-B) phase concept, [21][22][23] or coupled mode theory, [24,25] such metasurfaces have shown excellent flexibilities to steer the wavefront of the coupled SPs. However, due to the dipole response of a single slit resonator, the basic unit elements in these metasurfaces are normally arranged at a distance of about one wavelength, and such a small duty cycle significantly limits the conversion efficiency of SPs. On the other hand, innovative metasurfaces with abrupt phase discontinuities have shown unprecedented capabilities of manipulating electromagnetic waves, [26][27][28] and thus become the current interest and are being actively explored. [29][30][31] In particular, it has been demonstrated that the momentum difference between free-space light and SPs can be matched by properly arranging the phase discontinuity gradient. [27,32] In conjunction with reflection-type phase discontinuity units, a series of high-efficiency SP couplers have been reported. [27,[33][34][35] However, the conversion efficiency of such couplers decreases significantly as the excitation range increases. [36] That is because the converted driven surface waves are not an eigen mode of the metasurface, and thus, they experience significant scattering before coupling out of the Surface plasmons (SPs) promise versatile potential applications in many aspects and thus have been a subject of enormous interest. As the most essential functionality, efficient coupling of free-space light into complex SP field is of particular interest in current research. Most existing methods only focus on either efficient coupling or complex SP field generation, which is insufficient to support the ever-increasing demand of practical applications. Herein, it is demonstrated both theoreti...

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Shaping plasmonic light beams with near-field plasmonic holograms

Cited by 53 publications

References 40 publications

Surface‐plasmon wavefront and spectral shaping by near‐field holography

Surface‐plasmon wavefront and spectral shaping by near‐field holography

Metasurface Holograms for Holographic Imaging

Efficient Metacoupler for Complex Surface Plasmon Launching

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