Shaping the mitochondrion: mitochondrial biogenesis, dynamics and dysfunction

Abstract

The regulation of mitochondrial fusion/fission, respiratory chain complex assembly, mitophagy and mitochondrial‐ER contact sites have profound implications for human disease, which are explored in this report.

cGMP-Selective Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors Stimulate Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Promote Recovery from Acute Kidney Injury

“…Mitochondria are highly regulated organelles whose function is tightly linked to the metabolic demands and health of a cell (Brooks et al, 2009;Shaw and Winge, 2009;Funk and Schnellmann, 2012;Kubli and Gustafsson, 2012). Mitochondrial function is necessary for normal cell and tissue function, and is critical in energy-dependent repair processes.…”

“…Mitochondria are dynamic organelles that are continuously regenerated through the processes of biogenesis, mitophagy, fission, and fusion (Brooks et al, 2009;Shaw and Winge, 2009;Cho et al, 2010;Funk and Schnellmann, 2012;Kubli and Gustafsson, 2012). MB is the assembly of new mitochondria from existing mitochondria, occurring under basal conditions to replace damaged mitochondria, but is rapidly induced in response to both physiologic and pathophysiological stimuli, including sepsis, exercise, fasting, hypoxia, and cellular injury (Puigserver and Spiegelman, 2003;Tran et al, 2011;Kang and Li Ji, 2012;Wenz, 2013).…”

Epigenetic control of skin and hair regeneration after wounding

“…This area of research remains highly underexploited. In 2009, Shaw and Martin (40) analysed epigenetic changes at the growing epithelial tongue after full thickness punch biopsy skin wounding. They found that the PRC2 components Ezh2 and Eed, expressed in normal epidermis, were rapidly and stably downregulated even after complete reepithelialization and, concomitantly, histone demethylases Utx and Jmjd3, not highly expressed in normal epidermis, were transiently upregulated in early wounding.…”

“…This demethylase can then bind specific PcG target genes for their transcriptional activation (41). The brief expression of Utx and Jmjd3 after wounding (40) suggest that gene activators and their potential targets are tightly regulated to limit the extent of chromatin remodelling during the wound healing response.…”

“…Thus, it is intriguing to speculate on similar roles for epigenetic factors during wound healing. For example, PRC complexes, which are downmodulated in the epithelial tongue presumably to permit cell differentiation (40), may have earlier roles in SC mobilization (Fig. 1b).…”