“…For example, past meta-analyses of fMRI studies on reward anticipation (Diekhof, Kaps, Falkai, & Gruber, 2012;Knutson & Greer, 2008;Liu, Hairston, Schrier, & Fan, 2011;Oldham et al, 2018;Wilson et al, 2018) and loss/punishment processing (Dugré, Dumais, Bitar, & Potvin, 2018;Wilson et al, 2018) showed that both reliably involve the ventral striatum, amygdala, ventral tegmental area, thalamus, insula and anterior midcingulate cortex/pre-supplementary motor area. Indeed, the most recent meta-analysis found no significant differences in the recruitment of such regions between reward and loss anticipation (Chen, Chaudhary, & Li, 2022). Rather than what was previously theorized, findings from meta-analyses on positive emotional stimuli (Lindquist, Satpute, Wager, Weber, & Barrett, 2016;Mende-Siedlecki, Said, & Todorov, 2013;Stevens & Hamann, 2012) and negative emotional stimuli (Lindquist et al, 2016;Pozzi, Vijayakumar, Rakesh, & Whittle, 2021;Ran, Cao, & Chen, 2018;Stevens & Hamann, 2012;Tao, He, Lin, Liu, & Tao, 2021;Vytal & Hamann, 2010) suggest that most of these regions appear to be valence-general (Lindquist et al, 2016).…”