“…Operations of ride-hailing services have also been studied intensively including location prediction of the next rider pickup (Nair et al, 2020), service matching (Qin et al, 2021) and vehicle rebalancing (Kontou et al, 2020;Guo et al, 2021;Zhu et al, 2022), demand prediction (Battifarano and Qian, 2019), ride reservations (Yahia et al, 2021), impact of expanding service (Beojone and Geroliminis, 2021), shared parking (Gao et al, 2022), and management strategies such as pricing for related parking infrastructure (Liu et al, 2021), service platform and market (Zha et al, 2016;Nourinejad and Ramezani, 2020). A macroscopic fluid framework for operating a large-scale on-demand ride-hailing system was developed and used for decision making (Xu et al, 2021).…”