Sharing, Discounting, and Selfishness: A Japanese-American Comparison

Ito, Masato; Saeki, Daisuke; Green, Leonard

doi:10.1007/bf03395746

Cited by 19 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…An interesting additional analysis looks at altruism in the sense of asking the following: while the sharing of a reward with other people, as compared to keeping it to oneself, decreases the value of that reward, to what extent is the value of the reward discounted as the number of people with whom it is shared gradually increases? (Ito and Saeki, [8]; Ito, Saeki and Green, [9]). If we explain interpersonal discounting by once again using formula (1), D is the measure that indicates the degree of closeness and k is the individual parameter indicating altruism.…”

Section: Overview Of Interpersonal Discounting Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Short-Termism, Excessive Executive Compensation, and the Discounting Traits of Managers - by Using fMRI Experiment

Yamaji¹,

Gotoh²,

Yamakawa³

2020

ujaf

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It can be said that short-termism and excessive executive compensation are drawing critical and negative attention in recent years, judging from famous politician's lecture and the passage of law forcing to publicly disclose the ratio of the compensation of the chief executive officer (CEO) to the median compensation of that company's employees. We assume that these management problems are sharpened by human instinctive discounting behavior. By brain experiment of discounting behavior (neuro-science method), we scientifically reveal that stimuli like globalization mobilize new brain parts (precuneus, IPL, TPJ), sharpen human discounting behavior and in turn sharpen the management problems. The research results show that human beings predict other people's discounting behavior more sharply than their own by additionally activating new parts of brain. This in turn will sharpen their discount behavior. This chain of discounting behavior and activation of new brain parts becomes prominent in the globalization of economies involving more strangers. In order to stop the sharpening of management problems, improvement policies counter to human instincts become necessary. Our research results are closely related to resolve some of the problems by using accounting institutions. For example, since the institutionalization of the quarterly report promotes the short-termism, its rectification is necessary. Also, in order to correct the distortion of corporate compensation structure, the SEC oversees the disclosure of remuneration for middle-ranking worker and is seeking full-fledged institutionalization. Implementation of these accounting policies are strongly supported by our research results.

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Section: Overview Of Interpersonal Discounting Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Short-Termism, Excessive Executive Compensation, and the Discounting Traits of Managers - by Using fMRI Experiment

Yamaji¹,

Gotoh²,

Yamakawa³

2020

ujaf

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“…Size: The experiments can be described as relatively small, with the number of subjects ranging from 27 to 1,049 (Ito, Saeki & Green, 2011). Sixty-five percent of studies (17/26) comprised samples of approximately 200 or fewer subjects.…”

Section: Subjectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Other countries where studies have been conducted include China (Boyer, Lienard & Xu, 2012;He & Jiang, 2013;Strombach et al, 2014), Germany (Böckler, Tusche & Singer, 2016;Strombach et al, 2014Strombach et al, /2015Strombach et al, /2016, Japan (Ito et al, 2011), Kenya (Boyer et al, 2012) and Poland (Osínski, 2010;Osínski, Karbowski & Ostaszewski, 2015).…”

Section: Settingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Incentivising the Social Discounting Task: A Laboratory Experiment

Booysen

Munro

Guvuriro

et al. 2018

South African J Economics

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Altruism is one of the single most important social preferences driving human behaviour. In Psychology experiments, the Social Discounting Task is employed as a measure of altruism.A conventional laboratory experiment was conducted with 117 undergraduate students, with students randomly assigned to complete an incentivized and un-incentivized Social Discounting Task. In accordance with the 1/d law of giving, the results exhibit the expected inverse relationship between social distance and altruism. There is weak evidence that incentivizing the Social Discounting Task impacts the measurement of altruism in a student population. More specifically, subjects are more altruistic when incentivized, possibly due to enforced reciprocity. At the same time, making payments real influence the identity of the target recipients: paying makes subjects more likely to choose people who are physically and psychologically close at high ranks, and more likely to report greater physical and psychological distance to subjects at lower ranks. Further research is required to verify the robustness of this result. The study also shows that among students family members are more altruistic toward each other as are those exhibiting greater intergenerational solidarity.Preferences for altruism in this student population is no different from WEIRD subject populations.JEL codes: C91, D64

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“…However, Yang and Carlsson [21] find that individual decisions are similar to joint decisions in terms of time preferences. Another group of works examine time preferences and social preferences, finding that more patient subjects are likely to share payoffs with other people in social-dilemma situations [3,22,23]. Ambrus et al, and He and Villeval [24,25] demonstrate that a "median" member (who has a median social preference in a group) has a significant influence on group decisions since the highest and the lowest members tend to be attracted to the median.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Time Preferences between Individuals and Groups in the Transition from Hunter-Gatherer to Industrial Societies

2019

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Three societies, namely the hunter-gatherer, the agrarian and the industrial, represent the course of human history of cultural and economic development. In this course, each society exhibits distinct cultures and daily life practices that shape human behaviors and preferences, characterizing temporal actions and consequences at the individual and group levels. We examine individual and group time preferences and their relation across the three societies. To this end, we conduct a field experiment to elicit individual and group discount factors in three societies of Indonesia-(i) the fisheries, (ii) the farming and (iii) the urban societies-as proxies of the hunter-gatherer, agrarian and industrial societies, respectively. We find that both individual and group discount factors are the lowest (highest) in the fisheries (agrarian) society, while those in the urban society are in the middle. We also observe that the determinants of group discount factors differ across societies: members of the lowest and middle discount factors in a group play an important role in determining the group discount factor in the fisheries society, while only the members with the middle discount factor are key in agrarian and urban societies. Overall, our results suggest that individual and group discount factors non-monotonically change as societies transition from fisheries to agrarian and from agrarian to urban and that comparatively shortsighted people (the lowest and middle) are more influential than farsighted people in determining group time preferences.

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Sharing, Discounting, and Selfishness: A Japanese-American Comparison

Cited by 19 publications

References 26 publications

Short-Termism, Excessive Executive Compensation, and the Discounting Traits of Managers - by Using fMRI Experiment

Short-Termism, Excessive Executive Compensation, and the Discounting Traits of Managers - by Using fMRI Experiment

Incentivising the Social Discounting Task: A Laboratory Experiment

Time Preferences between Individuals and Groups in the Transition from Hunter-Gatherer to Industrial Societies

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