Sharply defined lateral composition gradients of copper on gold by spatiotemporal control of the in-plane electrochemical potential distribution

Coleman, Brian; Finnegan, N.; Bohn, Paul W.

doi:10.1016/j.tsf.2004.04.053

Cited by 11 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…The bipotentiostat was used to generate an in-plane potential gradient across the Au sample. A very abrupt Cu gradient was formed under these conditions …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Display of Solid-State Materials Using Bipolar Electrochemistry

Ramakrishnan

Shannon

2010

Langmuir

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We report the formation and characterization of one-dimensional chemical composition gradients of CdS on Au surfaces using bipolar electrodeposition. When an external electric field is applied across an electrically floating Au electrode immersed in a bipolar electrochemical cell, a position-dependent interfacial potential difference is generated along the length of the Au. This potential gradient can be used to induce variations of chemical composition within thin films electrodeposited onto the Au bipolar electrode (BPE). Thin films formed by bipolar electrodeposition represent continuous one-dimensional solid-state material libraries and were screened using resonance Raman microscopy and Auger electron spectroscopy. As predicted from simple thermodynamic considerations, we observed three distinct deposition zones scanning from the cathodic pole to the midpoint of the BPE: (i) CdS+Cd, (ii) stoichiometric CdS, and (iii) elemental S. Bipolar electrodeposition can be used to generate material libraries rapidly and without direct electrical contact to the substrate using extremely simple instrumentation.

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“…The bipotentiostat was used to generate an in-plane potential gradient across the Au sample. A very abrupt Cu gradient was formed under these conditions …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Display of Solid-State Materials Using Bipolar Electrochemistry

Ramakrishnan

Shannon

2010

Langmuir

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“…15 Bradley and co-workers have also carried out several experiments related to Cu bipolar electrodeposition 16,17 Bohn and co-workers used unipolar electrochemistry to deposit Cu on a very thin Au electrode. 18 They have successfully reported the selective deposition of Cu on some portion of the Au electrode by in-plane electrochemical potential gradient method. The procedure resulted in a deposition with a transition region and consequently a chemical gradient at the surface.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They then used a SERS active SAM and collected spectra at various points along the BPE cathode to determine the ideal composition for SERS enhancement . Bradley and co-workers have also carried out several experiments related to Cu bipolar electrodeposition , Bohn and co-workers used unipolar electrochemistry to deposit Cu on a very thin Au electrode . They have successfully reported the selective deposition of Cu on some portion of the Au electrode by in-plane electrochemical potential gradient method.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Self-Movement of Water Droplet at the Gradient Nanostructure of Cu Fabricated Using Bipolar Electrochemistry

2014

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This Article reports on gradient electrodeposition of copper on the surface of a bipolar electrode (BPE). The formation mechanism of the as-fabricated gradient nanostructure is discussed, and the effects of time, potential, and concentration of CuSO4 solution on the morphology of the deposited structures are investigated. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is used to visualize the morphology of the deposited Cu at different positions of the BPE. By scanning from the cathodic pole to the midpoint of the BPE, three distinct structures are observed; (i) nanodendrites, (ii) nanodendrites in the vicinity of nanoparticles, and (iii) nanoparticles. The BPE surface was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements. The contact angle measurement of a water droplet reveals a surface with gradient wettability. Modification of the as-electrodeposited Cu surface with 1-dodecanethiol provides self-movement of the water droplet.

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“…In the presence of a surface electric field gradient, however, the rates of these reactions vary spatially along the surface. Evidence of the magnitude and extent of these spatially varying reaction rates can be visualized through several methods, such as the formation of surface films, 27 the evolution or consumption of chemical species at the electrode surface, or optical methods such as surface plasmon resonance (SPR) 12 or surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). 21 Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) represents a high-resolution electrochemical mapping strategy that can also be employed to quantify these spatially varying electrochemical processes directly.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scanning Electrochemical Mapping of Spatially Localized Electrochemical Reactions Induced by Surface Potential Gradients

2006

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The influence of a surface potential gradient on the location and extent of electrochemical reactions was examined using a scanning electrochemical microscope. A linear potential gradient was imposed on the surface of a platinum-coated indium tin oxide electrode by applying two different potential values at the edges of the electrode. The applied potentials were used to control the location and extent of several electrochemical reactions, including the oxidation of Ru(NH 3 ) 6 2+ , the oxidation of H 2 , and the oxidation of H 2 in the presence of adsorbed CO. Scanning electrochemical mapping of these reactions was achieved by probing the feedback current associated with the oxidation products. The oxidation of Ru(NH 3 ) 6 2+ occurred at locations where the applied potential was positive of the formal potential of the Ru(NH 3 ) 6 2+/3+ redox couple. The position of this reaction on the surface could be spatially translated by manipulating the terminal potentials. The rate of hydrogen oxidation on the platinum-coated electrode varied spatially in the presence of a potential gradient and correlated with the nature of the electrode surface. High oxidation rates occurred at low potentials, with decreasing rates observed as the potential increased to values where platinum oxides formed. The extent of oxide formation versus position was confirmed with in-situ ellipsometry mapping. In the presence of adsorbed carbon monoxide, a potential gradient created a localized region of high activity for hydrogen oxidation at potentials between where carbon monoxide was adsorbed and platinum oxides formed. The position of this localized region of activity could be readily translated along the surface by changing the terminal potential values. The ability to manipulate electrochemical reactions spatially on a surface has potential application in microscale analytical devices as well as in the discovery and analysis of electrocatalytic systems. The influence of a surface potential gradient on the location and extent of electrochemical reactions was examined using a scanning electrochemical microscope. A linear potential gradient was imposed on the surface of a platinumcoated indium tin oxide electrode by applying two different potential values at the edges of the electrode. The applied potentials were used to control the location and extent of several electrochemical reactions, including the oxidation of Ru(NH 3 ) 6 2+ , the oxidation of H 2 , and the oxidation of H 2 in the presence of adsorbed CO. Scanning electrochemical mapping of these reactions was achieved by probing the feedback current associated with the oxidation products. The oxidation of Ru(NH 3 ) 6 2+ occurred at locations where the applied potential was positive of the formal potential of the Ru(NH 3 ) 6 2+/3+ redox couple. The position of this reaction on the surface could be spatially translated by manipulating the terminal potentials. The rate of hydrogen oxidation on the platinum-coated electrode varied spatially in the presence of a potential gradient an...

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Sharply defined lateral composition gradients of copper on gold by spatiotemporal control of the in-plane electrochemical potential distribution

Cited by 11 publications

References 35 publications

Display of Solid-State Materials Using Bipolar Electrochemistry

Display of Solid-State Materials Using Bipolar Electrochemistry

Self-Movement of Water Droplet at the Gradient Nanostructure of Cu Fabricated Using Bipolar Electrochemistry

Scanning Electrochemical Mapping of Spatially Localized Electrochemical Reactions Induced by Surface Potential Gradients

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