Shedding light on the tympanic membrane: a brief history of the description and understanding of its anatomy

Abstract

Objective For centuries, the tympanum has remained the only visible structure of the organ of hearing. This study aimed to trace the understanding of the tympanic membrane from antiquity to the early twentieth century. Methods A review was conducted of primary and secondary historical and scientific literature describing the tympanic membrane anatomy. Results Although ancient polymaths sensed that sounds were vibrations that could spread in the air and be perceived by the hearing organ, there were numerous misconceptions about the tympanum until human dissections performed during the Renaissance. The tympanum was correctly described only centuries later when technological advances enabled otologists to understand it as a fundamental part of the hearing organ. Conclusion The tympanic membrane history reflects key stages in medical knowledge; limited for centuries, a great technological leap was possible in the nineteenth century, contributing to the emergence of otologists and laying the foundations of modern otology.

Noise-induced hearing loss in the pre-industrial era: early contributions in De Morbis Artificum by Bernardino Ramazzini (1633–1714)

“…The Italian physician was apparently ignorant of studies on the ossicles of the middle ear by Renaissance anatomists (Vesalius, Falloppius, Eustachi and Ingrassia) and the works of his contemporaries, such as Antonio Maria Valsalva (1666–1723), who published his masterpiece De aure humana tractatus in 1704. 11 , 12 This apparent lack of knowledge is not surprising; Ramazzini was an adherent of the neo-Hippocratism doctrine and followed the teachings of Hippocrates and other ancient physicians. 13 This approach was inspired by the English physician Thomas Sydenham (1624–1689) and the French scholar Guillaume de Baillou (1538–1616).…”